{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:55:05Z","timestamp":1791222905702,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Declining cognitive function in older adults may be linked to reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, which is supported by oral nitrate-reducing bacteria. Oral microbiome community structure varies geographically, complicating understanding of microbiome-cognition relationships across populations. This study aimed to identify consistent associations between the oral microbiome and cognitive function across two geographically distinct cohorts from the UK and Belgium, and to explore age-related differences in NO biomarkers, cognitive performance, and microbiome composition using 16S rRNA sequencing. Sixty healthy participants (15 young and 15 older adults per location) completed a cognitive test battery, blood pressure measurements, plasma and saliva collection for nitrate and nitrite analysis, and a tongue swab for oral microbiome assessment. Despite geographical differences in oral microbiome composition (PERMANOVA\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.04), age-related microbial shifts were consistent across geographic cohorts, including enrichment of\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema and Tannerella<\/jats:italic>\n                    in older adults. Nitrate-reducing taxa such as\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria flavescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    were consistently associated with cognitive performance measures in both cohorts (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In the UK, higher plasma [nitrate] was associated with improved Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) accuracy (\u03b2\u2009=\u200919.2,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and reaction times (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22123444 ms,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), but poorer Emotion Recognition Task (ERT) accuracy (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22125.219,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), while UK plasma [nitrite] was associated with slower Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART; \u03b2\u2009=\u20092277 ms,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and ERT (\u03b2\u2009=\u20098577 ms,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) reaction times. In Belgium, saliva [nitrate] was associated with slower Visual Object Learning Test (VOLT) reaction times (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009202 ms,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), while in the UK, saliva [nitrite] correlated with slower BART (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009111 ms,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and LOT (\u03b2\u2009=\u20091888 ms,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Overall, geography emerged as a major driver of oral microbiome variation, yet consistent age-related microbial and cognitive associations were preserved across populations. These findings emphasise the need to account for geographic context in microbiome-health research. A better understanding of oral microbial patterns may help inform future mechanistic or interventional studies to promote cognitive health in ageing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0359559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:21:47Z","timestamp":1791220907000},"page":"e0359559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oral microbiome signatures of ageing and cognitive function across distinct geographical cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8947-3132","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joanna E.","family":"L\u2019Heureux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter, St Luke\u2019s Campus","place":["Exeter, United Kingdom"],"department":["University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2808-044X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bart","family":"Roelands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Physiology & Sports Physiotherapy Research Group Vrije Universiteit Brussel","place":["Brussel, Belgium"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Sports and Nutrition Research, Riga Stradins University","place":["Riga, Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Wylie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter, St Luke\u2019s Campus","place":["Exeter, United Kingdom"],"department":["University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Meeusen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Physiology & Sports Physiotherapy Research Group Vrije Universiteit Brussel","place":["Brussel, Belgium"]},{"name":"University of the Western Cape","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"],"department":["Department of Sports, Recreation, Exercise and Sciences, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter, St Luke\u2019s Campus","place":["Exeter, United Kingdom"],"department":["University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anni","family":"Vanhatalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter, St Luke\u2019s Campus","place":["Exeter, United Kingdom"],"department":["University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359559.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2466","article-title":"The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"JO Lundberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"33","key":"pone.0359559.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13434","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116633109","article-title":"Sialin (SLC17A5) functions as a nitrate transporter in the plasma membrane","volume":"109","author":"L Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359559.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61912-4","article-title":"Effects of Chlorhexidine mouthwash on the oral microbiome","volume":"10","author":"R Bescos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0359559.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7538","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207538","article-title":"How periodontal disease and presence of nitric oxide reducing oral bacteria can affect blood pressure","volume":"21","author":"P Pignatelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0359559.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.07.002","article-title":"Ageing modifies the oral microbiome, nitric oxide bioavailability and vascular responses to dietary nitrate supplementation","volume":"238","author":"A Vanhatalo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0359559.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2016.865","article-title":"The oral microbiome - 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