{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:54:23Z","timestamp":1791309263080,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Olympic Village has evolved over time to become a full-fledged urban system that encompasses not just the temporary housing needs of athletes participating in the Olympic Games but also infrastructure development, governance coordination, sustainability planning, and long-term community transformation. Although there are many studies of Olympic Villages, they typically focus on a single aspect of them such as the physical redevelopment of an area, the way that it was governed during the Olympics, and what happened to the Village after the Games ended. Existing studies have examined various dimensions separately, but fewer studies integrate these dimensions into a unified lifecycle framework. To fill this gap, this study proposed the Physical-Relational-Legacy (P-R-L) framework to help explain the changes in form that occur in Olympic Villages over their lifecycle. Using a Straussian grounded theory approach and comparative case study methodology, the study investigated six Olympic events: the Summer Olympics of 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, and 2024, and the Winter Olympics of 2022. The data collected for this study included official Olympic reports, operational manuals, planning documents, and other types of published materials related to legacy. Using systematic open, axial, and selective coding supported by constant comparison, the study inductively developed the three interrelated dimensions: Physical, Relational, and Legacy. The results of this study indicated that the transformation of an Olympic Village is not simply a matter of developing some areas after the games end. Rather, it involves a series of interactions between changing infrastructure systems, governance mechanisms, and ongoing legacy development processes. Moreover, each of these dimensions interacts with one another at all stages of an Olympic Village\u2019s lifecycle instead of occurring sequentially. The study contributes by providing an integrated analytical framework explaining how physical adaptation, governance coordination, and legacy formation interact throughout the Olympic Village lifecycle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0359591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:29:35Z","timestamp":1791307775000},"page":"e0359591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From temporary event spaces to permanent urban communities: A physical-relational-legacy framework for Olympic Village transformation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5364-5423","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yezi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University of Sport","place":["Shanghai, China"],"department":["School of Economics and Management"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengchen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Sport University","place":["Beijing, China"],"department":["China Football College"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University of Sport","place":["Shanghai, China"],"department":["School of Economics and Management"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0359591.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003044963","volume-title":"Events management","author":"GA Bowdin","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0359591.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315735887","volume-title":"Olympic cities: City agendas, planning, and the world\u2019s games, 1896\u20132020","author":"J Gold","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0359591.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-954X.2006.00660.x","article-title":"Olympic urbanism and Olympic villages: Planning strategies in Olympic host cities, London 1908 to London 2012","volume":"54","author":"F Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Sociological Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359591.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smr.2019.04.001","article-title":"A new conceptualization of mega sports event legacy delivery: wicked problems and critical realist solution","volume":"23","author":"T Byers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sport Management Review"},{"key":"pone.0359591.ref005","article-title":"The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and cost overrun at the games","author":"B Flyvbjerg","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv preprint"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359591.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-021-00696-5","article-title":"An evaluation of the sustainability of the Olympic Games","volume":"4","author":"M M\u00fcller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0359591.ref007","first-page":"303","article-title":"The transformation of the Olympic Village at the Olympic Winter Games\u2013a historical analysis","volume-title":"The Sports Monograph: Critical perspectives on socio-cultural sport, coaching and physical education","author":"J Krieger","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359591.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1080\/14036096.2021.1992497","article-title":"Olympic Villages as Heterotopias: Contradictions between Megaevents and Quotidian Urban Life","volume":"39","author":"R Latuf de Oliveira Sanchez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Housing, Theory and Society"},{"key":"pone.0359591.ref009","article-title":"Beyond the podium: Olympic village design with a community focus","author":"D Bussell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Access Te Herenga Waka-Victoria University of Wellington"},{"key":"pone.0359591.ref010","unstructured":"Della Sala V. 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