{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:24:44Z","timestamp":1791397484100,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2022-03022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2022-03022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h531d29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"PacifiCan","award":["22637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22637"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03pkrdc36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["43403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","award":["ALLRP 588528-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALLRP 588528-23"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h531d29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"BC Knowledge Development Fund","award":["43403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43403"]}]},{"name":"Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Agribusiness","award":["UG-T1-2024-102470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG-T1-2024-102470"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0369g1y44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of British Columbia Life Sciences Institute","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Canada imports approximately 300,000 honey bee queens annually to support the beekeeping industry, in addition to producing queens domestically during the short rearing season. Over 80% of imported queens come from the U.S., with additional contributions (~5% each) from Italy, Australia, and Chile. We conducted morphometric analysis and pheromone profiling of domestic and imported queens representing all four dominant exporting countries, including \u201cvaccinated\u201d (transgenerational immune-primed, or TGIP) and non-TGIP queens from the U.S., to compare their physical and pheromonal qualities. Imported queens differed morphometrically from domestic queens, and this difference was driven by smaller ovary size (a plastic metric exhibiting transient changes due to temporary confinement). Queen retinue pheromone (QRP) profiles also differed in domestic and imported queens, and PERMANOVA analysis showed that transit duration and ovary size were the top two explanatory factors. TGIP queens tended to have lower pheromone abundances than non-TGIP queens; a pattern that does not appear to be driven by pre-existing morphological differences. This study did not assess whether morphometric and pheromone differences affect acceptance rates or performance, nor whether immune priming offers benefits if pheromone discrepancies are enduring. By the measured laboratory metrics, domestic (Canadian) queens are comparable or better on several dimensions and investment in local production appears justified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0359657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:33:15Z","timestamp":1791394395000},"page":"e0359657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pheromone and morphometric features of honey bee (Apis mellifera) queens imported to Canada from around the globe"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3523-6649","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alison","family":"McAfee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia","place":["Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"],"department":["Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"]},{"name":"North Carolina State University","place":["Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Applied Ecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5999-5792","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brendan","family":"Daisley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Guelph","place":["Guelph, Ontario, Canada"],"department":["Molecular and Cellular Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5330-361X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dylan J. L.","family":"Brettingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Guelph","place":["Guelph, Ontario, Canada"],"department":["Molecular and Cellular Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Mallory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Guelph","place":["Guelph, Ontario, Canada"],"department":["Molecular and Cellular Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Macpherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Guelph","place":["Guelph, Ontario, Canada"],"department":["Molecular and Cellular Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando Alcazar","family":"Maga\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia","place":["Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"],"department":["Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"]},{"name":"University of British Columbia","place":["Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"],"department":["Life Sciences Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Allen-Vercoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Guelph","place":["Guelph, Ontario, Canada"],"department":["Molecular and Cellular Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Tarpy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University","place":["Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Applied Ecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8551-4817","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leonard J.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia","place":["Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"],"department":["Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"]},{"name":"University of British Columbia","place":["Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"],"department":["Life Sciences Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359657.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3390\/insects8020048","article-title":"Queen Quality and the Impact of Honey Bee Diseases on Queen Health: Potential for Interactions between Two Major Threats to Colony Health","volume":"8","author":"E Amiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Insects"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359657.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-024-01133-0","article-title":"The effect of major abiotic stressors on honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) queens and potential impact on their progeny","volume":"56","author":"E Amiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0359657.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-025-01603-y","article-title":"Impacts of antibiotic use, air pollution and climate on managed honeybees in Canada","volume":"8","author":"B Daisley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Sustain"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0359657.ref004","first-page":"128","article-title":"Young honeybee (Apis mellifera bandasii) queens perform better than old ones","volume":"7","author":"ZA Hora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Life Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359657.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02223731","article-title":"Swarming, afterswarming, and reproductive rate of unmanaged honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera)","volume":"27","author":"M Winston","year":"1980","journal-title":"Insectes Sociaux"},{"key":"pone.0359657.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.08.004","article-title":"Idiopathic brood disease syndrome and queen events as precursors of colony mortality in migratory beekeeping operations in the eastern United States","volume":"108","author":"D vanEngelsdorp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359657.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaa102","article-title":"Honey Bee Queen Production: Canadian Costing Case Study and Profitability Analysis","volume":"113","author":"M Bixby","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0359657.ref008","author":"AAFC","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359657.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1051\/apido\/2010027","article-title":"The physical, insemination, and reproductive quality of honey bee queens (Apis mellifera L.)","volume":"42","author":"DA Delaney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359657.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10010012","article-title":"Is the Brood Pattern within a Honey Bee Colony a Reliable Indicator of Queen Quality?","volume":"10","author":"KV Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insects"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359657.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-019-00712-w","article-title":"Choosing the best: honeybee workers can assess reproductive quality of the queen through pheromonal signalling in simultaneous choice assays","volume":"51","author":"O Margarita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359657.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-018-0614-y","article-title":"Experimental improvement of honey bee (Apis mellifera) queen quality through nutritional and hormonal supplementation","volume":"50","author":"DA De Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359657.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3896\/IBRA.1.53.3.02","article-title":"A review of methods used in some European countries for assessing the quality of honey bee queens through their physical characters and the performance of their colonies","volume":"53","author":"F Hatjina","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Apic Res"},{"key":"pone.0359657.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1673\/031.011.8201","article-title":"Histological estimates of ovariole number in honey bee queens, Apis mellifera, reveal lack of correlation with other queen quality measures","volume":"11","author":"JT Jackson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Insect Sci"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0359657.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.08.021","article-title":"Promiscuous honey bee queens increase colony productivity by suppressing worker selfishness","volume":"22","author":"HR Mattila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359657.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80446-3","article-title":"Effects of developmental exposure to pesticides in wax and pollen on honey bee (Apis mellifera) queen reproductive phenotypes","volume":"11","author":"JP Milone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0359657.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14621","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14621","article-title":"Neonicotinoid pesticides severely affect honey bee queens","volume":"5","author":"GR Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359657.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44298-x","article-title":"Queen quality, performance, and winter survival of imported and domestic honey bee queen stocks","volume":"13","author":"LA Holmes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0359657.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156027","article-title":"Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Queen Reproductive Potential Affects Queen Mandibular Gland Pheromone Composition and Worker Retinue Response","volume":"11","author":"J Rangel","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0359657.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3054","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113054","article-title":"Investigating Genetic and Phenotypic Variability of Queen Bees: Morphological and Reproductive Traits","volume":"11","author":"E Facchini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359657.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.1983.11100589","article-title":"Honey Productivity of Honeybee Colonies in Relation to Body Weight, Attractiveness and Fecundity of the Queen","volume":"22","author":"DL Nelson","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Apic Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0359657.ref022","first-page":"980","article-title":"Body Size and Body Weight in Apis cerana: Associations with Geographic, Climatic, and Productive Traits for Bee Breeding","volume":"16","author":"H Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0359657.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156923","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1156923","article-title":"Honey bee maternal effects improve worker performance and reproductive ability in offspring","volume":"11","author":"L Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"1905","key":"pone.0359657.ref024","first-page":"20190517","article-title":"Honeybees possess a structurally diverse and functionally redundant set of queen pheromones","volume":"286","author":"SA Princen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359657.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOEC.0000006365.20996.a2","article-title":"Species- and Caste-Determined Mandibular Gland Signals in Honeybees (Apis)","volume":"23","author":"E Plettner","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Chem Ecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359657.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01016495","article-title":"Semiochemicals of the honeybee queen mandibular glands","volume":"16","author":"KN Slessor","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Chem Ecol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0359657.ref027","article-title":"Effects of insemination quantity on honey bee queen physiology","volume":"2","author":"F-J Richard","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0359657.ref028","volume-title":"Queen rearing and bee breeding","author":"HH Laidlaw","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0359657.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2021.104347","article-title":"Reproductive plasticity and oogenesis in the queen honey bee (Apis mellifera)","volume":"136","author":"SE Aamidor","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359657.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66286-5","article-title":"Common viral infections inhibit egg laying in honey bee queens and are linked to premature supersedure","volume":"14","author":"A Chapman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359657.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01586-w","article-title":"Trade-offs between sperm viability and immune protein expression in honey bee queens (Apis mellifera)","volume":"4","author":"A McAfee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0359657.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110906","article-title":"Differences in honeybee queen pheromones revealed by LC-MS\/MS: Reassessing the honest signal hypothesis","volume":"27","author":"A McAfee","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"pone.0359657.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36041","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36041","article-title":"A novel screen for genes associated with pheromone-induced sterility","volume":"6","author":"AL Camiletti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359657.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12531","article-title":"Analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster anti-ovarian response to honey bee queen mandibular pheromone","volume":"28","author":"KC Galang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1691","key":"pone.0359657.ref035","first-page":"2157","article-title":"Socially induced brain development in a facultatively eusocial sweat bee Megalopta genalis (Halictidae)","volume":"277","author":"AR Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0359657.ref036","article-title":"Irreversible sterility of workers and high-volume egg production by queens in the stingless bee Tetragonula carbonaria","volume":"223","author":"F Garcia Bulle Bueno","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359657.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15857","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20330-4","article-title":"Fertility costs of cryptic viral infections in a model social insect","volume":"12","author":"A Chapman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"42","key":"pone.0359657.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2518975122","article-title":"Elevated virus infection of honey bee queens reduces methyl oleate production and destabilizes colony-level social structure","volume":"122","author":"A McAfee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0359657.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946237","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.946237","article-title":"The oral vaccination with Paenibacillus larvae bacterin can decrease susceptibility to American Foulbrood infection in honey bees-A safety and efficacy study","volume":"9","author":"F Dickel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"pone.0359657.ref040","article-title":"Reduction of deformed wing virus-B levels in colonies of the honey bee Apis mellifera after queen vaccination with inactivated Paenibacillus larvae","volume":"2024","author":"I Weinberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"1927","key":"pone.0359657.ref041","first-page":"20200614","article-title":"Diet quantity influences caste determination in honeybees (Apis mellifera)","volume":"287","author":"GP Slater","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359657.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2317\/JKES711.05.1","article-title":"Body Size and Shape of the Large Carpenter Bee, Xylocopa virginica (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)","volume":"82","author":"DA Skandalis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Kansas Entomol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359657.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1603\/EC11276","article-title":"Assessing the mating \u201chealth\u201d of commercial honey bee queens","volume":"105","author":"DR Tarpy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359657.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1653\/024.106.0404","article-title":"Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Pollination of Vanilla planifolia in Florida and Their Potential in Commercial Production","volume":"106","author":"RW Pemberton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Florida Entomologist"},{"key":"pone.0359657.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2013.05.019","article-title":"Simultaneous extraction of metabolome and lipidome with methyl tert-butyl ether from a single small tissue sample for ultra-high performance liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"1298","author":"S Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0359657.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01721-x","article-title":"Glutathione-mediated redox regulation in Cryptococcus neoformans impacts virulence","volume":"9","author":"B Black","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0359657.ref047","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0359657.ref048","author":"J Oksanen","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0359657.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wobbrock JO, Findlater L, Gergle D, Higgins JJ. The aligned rank transform for nonparametric factorial analyses using only anova procedures. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2011. p. 143\u20136.","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1978963"},{"key":"pone.0359657.ref050","author":"F Hartig","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359657.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-022-00917-6","article-title":"Correction to: Fatty acid homeostasis in honey bees (Apis mellifera) fed commercial diet supplements","volume":"53","author":"V Corby-Harris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0359657.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arp090","article-title":"Queen reproductive state modulates pheromone production and queen-worker interactions in honeybees","volume":"20","author":"SD Kocher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359657.ref053","first-page":"1","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of some external and internal body characteristics of honey bee Apis mellifera queens treated with Paenibacillus larvae larvae","volume":"14","author":"S Gomaa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359657.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00040-011-0180-z","article-title":"Experimentally induced variation in the physical reproductive potential and mating success in honey bee queens","volume":"58","author":"DR Tarpy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Insect Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359657.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08464-2","article-title":"Peptide biomarkers used for the selective breeding of a complex polygenic trait in honey bees","volume":"7","author":"MM Guarna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359657.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2022.2126613","article-title":"Impacts of indoor mass storage of two densities of honey bee queens (Apis mellifera) during winter on queen survival, reproductive quality and colony performance","volume":"62","author":"M Levesque","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Apic Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0359657.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11050402","article-title":"Successful Indoor Mass Storage of Honeybee Queens (Apis mellifera) during Winter","volume":"11","author":"A Rousseau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359657.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2025.2558395","article-title":"Physiological qualities of honey bee queens (Apis mellifera) overwintered in banks","volume":"65","author":"M Lamothe Boudreau","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Apic Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0359657.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4486","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0836984100","article-title":"New components of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) queen retinue pheromone","volume":"100","author":"CI Keeling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0359657.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291710","article-title":"Honey bee retinue workers respond similarly to queens despite seasonal differences in Queen Mandibular Pheromone (QMP) signaling","volume":"18","author":"MJ Carroll","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359657.ref061","first-page":"11","article-title":"Changes with age in queen honey bee (Apis mellifera) head chemical constituents (Hymenoptera: Apidae)","volume":"50","author":"JW Rhodes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sociobiology"},{"key":"pone.0359657.ref062","article-title":"Chapter 5: Chemical communication in the honey bee society.","volume-title":"Neurobiology of Chemical Communication","author":"L Bortolotti","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359657","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:33:27Z","timestamp":1791394407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359657"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Blenau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leipzig Faculty of Life Sciences: Universitat Leipzig Fakultat fur Lebenswissenschaften","place":["GERMANY"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359657","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]}}}