{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:56:42Z","timestamp":1791223002150,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a scarcity of cancer studies in the Amazon region. This study aimed to analyse trends in cancer incidence within the Ecuadorian Amazon between 1990 and 2019, identifying the most prevalent cancer types and assessing their provincial and temporal distribution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from the Quito population-based cancer registry, focusing on patients whose habitual residence was in the Amazonian provinces of Sucumb\u00edos, Orellana, Napo, and Pastaza. Age- and sex-standardised incidence rates were calculated, employing Segi\u2019s world standard population as the reference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 4,881 cancer cases were identified, revealing a 357% increase in the number of recorded cancer cases from the first to the last study period. Among men, the most common cancer types were stomach, prostate, and non-melanoma skin cancers, whereas in women, cervical, breast, and thyroid cancers predominated. Notably, there was a particularly high increase in prostate and breast cancer cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings indicate an important increase in recorded cancer cases and age-standardized incidence rates in the Ecuadorian Amazon, highlighting the urgent need to enhance healthcare infrastructure and cancer registry systems in the region. Targeted prevention and early detection programmes tailored to the specific needs of this population are urgently needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0359707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:35:52Z","timestamp":1791221752000},"page":"e0359707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cancer incidence in the Ecuadorian Amazon: A retrospective study (1990\u20132019)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7234-3510","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miguel","family":"San Sebasti\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 University","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology and Global Health"]},{"name":"Instituto de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud Comunitaria \u201cManuel Amun\u00e1rriz\u201d, Hospital Franklin Tello","place":["Nuevo Rocafuerte, Orellana, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Fonseca-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 University","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology and Global Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilmer","family":"Tarupi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quito Cancer Registry, Sociedad de Lucha contra el C\u00e1ncer, SOLCA","place":["Quito, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Castel-Feced","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 University","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology and Global Health"]},{"name":"Zaragoza University","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"],"department":["Department of Statistical Methods"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359707.ref001","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359707.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33407","article-title":"Progress, challenges and ways forward supporting cancer surveillance in Latin America","volume":"149","author":"M Pi\u00f1eros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0359707.ref003","unstructured":"Escobar Guti\u00e9rrez P, Herrera Montoya JM, G\u00f3mez JA, Pulido R. Territorios ind\u00edgenas amaz\u00f3nicos: contribuci\u00f3n al cumplimiento de los compromisos internacionales en materia de cambio clim\u00e1tico. Organizaci\u00f3n Nacional de los Pueblos Ind\u00edgenas de la Amazon\u00eda Colombiana y World Wildlife Fund; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/wwflac.awsassets.panda.org\/downloads\/territorios_indigenas_amazonicos___resumen_de_politica_espanol_.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0359707.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00220519","article-title":"Especificidades y desaf\u00edos de las pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas de salud en la Amazonia","volume":"35","author":"L Garnelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cad Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359707.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.134","article-title":"Cancer in indigenous people in Latin America and the Caribbean: A review","volume":"3","author":"SP Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0359707.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2021.1893663","article-title":"Cancer incidence in indigenous populations of Western Amazon, Brazil","volume":"27","author":"MFDSO Borges","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0359707.ref007","article-title":"Mortalidade por c\u00e2ncer em popula\u00e7\u00f5es ind\u00edgenas no Estado do Acre, Brasil","volume":"35","author":"MFDSO Borges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cad Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0359707.ref008","article-title":"Breast and cervical cancer mortality in the western Amazon: A time series study between 1980 and 2014","volume":"100","author":"FNC Leit\u00e3o","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"pone.0359707.ref009","volume-title":"C\u00e1ncer en la Amazon\u00eda del Ecuador (1985\u20131998)","author":"AK Hurtig","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359707.ref010","first-page":"113","article-title":"Cancer incidence in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon Basin: An epidemiological descriptive study","volume":"16","author":"W Tarupi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Peru Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0359707.ref011","first-page":"328","article-title":"Cancer among indigenous people in the Amazon Basin of Ecuador, 1985\u20132000","volume":"16","author":"M San Sebasti\u00e1n","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"pone.0359707.ref012","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos (INEC). Censo en Ecuador. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.censoecuador.gob.ec\/"},{"key":"pone.0359707.ref013","volume-title":"Epidemiolog\u00eda del c\u00e1ncer en Quito 2006\u20132010","author":"P Cueva","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0359707.ref014","volume-title":"Cancer mortality for selected sites in 24 countries","author":"M Segi","year":"1960"},{"key":"pone.0359707.ref015","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359707.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.47464\/MetroCiencia\/vol32\/3\/2024\/24-34","article-title":"C\u00e1ncer en Quito: an\u00e1lisis de base poblacional de las principales localizaciones, 2015\u20132019","volume":"32","author":"W Tarupi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metro Cienc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359707.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.04.021","article-title":"2022 update on prostate cancer epidemiology and risk factors-A systematic review","volume":"84","author":"O Bergengren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359707.ref018","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality in Quito: Information to monitor cancer control policies","volume":"53","author":"P Cueva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colomb Med (Cali)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0359707.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.21149\/spm.v56i5.7379","article-title":"Breast cancer in Latin America: Global burden, patterns, and risk factors","volume":"56","author":"A Amadou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359707.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232017221.09272015","article-title":"Risk factors of breast cancer and knowledge about the disease: An integrative revision of Latin American studies","volume":"22","author":"AFDA Jer\u00f4nimo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cien Saude Colet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359707.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5485-8","article-title":"Thyroid Cancer in Ecuador, a 16\u2009years population-based analysis (2001-2016)","volume":"19","author":"J Salazar-Vega","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0359707.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000094","article-title":"Is there really an increased incidence of thyroid cancer?","volume":"21","author":"JP Brito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"pone.0359707.ref023","article-title":"Association between screening and the thyroid cancer \u201cepidemic\u201d in South Korea: Evidence from a nationwide study","volume":"355","author":"S Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0359707.ref024","article-title":"Thyroid cancer burden in Central and South America","author":"MS Sierra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0359707.ref025","first-page":"126","article-title":"C\u00e1ncer cervicouterino en Ecuador: prevalencia, factores de riesgo y estrategias de prevenci\u00f3n actuales [Cervical cancer in Ecuador: prevalence, risk factors and current prevention strategies]","volume":"4","author":"MG Chachalo-Sandoval","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sanitas Rev Arbitr Cienc Salud"},{"key":"pone.0359707.ref026","volume-title":"Reducing social inequalities in cancer: evidence and priorities for research","author":"S Vaccarella","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359707","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:35:58Z","timestamp":1791221758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359707"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade dos A\u00e7ores Departamento de Biologia: Universidade dos Acores Departamento de Biologia","place":["PORTUGAL"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359707","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]}}}