{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:09:52Z","timestamp":1790878192009,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Key Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province","award":["25B560015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25B560015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Implicit information on land use conflicts in territorial spatial planning texts directly affects the coordination and implementability of planning schemes. Traditional manual interpretation approaches have low efficiency, high omission rates, and inadequate standardization, making them difficult to use for full-process review of massive multi-source planning texts under multi-plan integration. To address this problem, this study proposes a lightweight Transformer-based framework for automatic land use conflict identification by integrating domain prior features with deep semantic encoding. Multi-type texts related to territorial planning were collected from official and authoritative channels to construct a domain-specific dataset containing 1200 valid samples. A multi-dimensional feature system with strong discriminability and interpretability was then extracted by combining professional knowledge of territorial planning with text statistical attributes. Finally, a lightweight Transformer model with a total parameter count of only 700000 was designed. Through the deep fusion of textual semantic features and statistical features, the model performs binary classification of land use conflicts. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieved an accuracy of 98.75% and an F1-score of 96.9% on the held-out test set, with an inference time of less than 0.5 seconds for a single text. On the 240-sample held-out test set, the 95% confidence interval for accuracy was 96.39\u201399.57%, and bootstrap resampling gave a 95% interval of 92.93\u2013100.00% for the F1-score, indicating that the point estimates were not driven by a small number of individual cases. The framework may support lightweight local deployment in grassroots planning management departments after site-specific validation and can provide an auxiliary tool for planning compilation, compliance review, and ex-ante early warning of conflicts in territorial spatial planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0359870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:52:02Z","timestamp":1790877122000},"page":"e0359870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A domain knowledge-enhanced lightweight transformer for automatic identification of land-use conflicts in territorial spatial planning texts"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0181-5436","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Feng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan University of Urban Construction","place":["Pingdingshan, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaoxing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan University of Urban Construction","place":["Pingdingshan, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leixiang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan University of Urban Construction","place":["Pingdingshan, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan University of Urban Construction","place":["Pingdingshan, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan University of Urban Construction","place":["Pingdingshan, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359870.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14610","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87034-3","article-title":"Evaluation and optimization simulation of land suitability for village construction in the urban rural integration zone empirical test based on 49 administrative villages in Chuzhou city China","volume":"15","author":"S Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359870.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-38176-5","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of land use transition impacts on carbon emissions in the pearl river delta","volume":"16","author":"W Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0359870.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14289","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114289","article-title":"Multi-Scenario Simulation of Land Use and Landscape Ecological Risk Response Based on Planning Control","volume":"19","author":"N Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359870.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3390\/land15030514","article-title":"An Adaptive Transformer-Based Language-Model Framework for Assessing Urban Expansion","volume":"15","author":"F Wan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Land"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359870.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-19234-w","article-title":"A modified vision transformer framework for image-based land cover segmentation in rural architectural design and planning","volume":"15","author":"S Wassan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359870.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/rs18010001","article-title":"SatViT-Seg: A Transformer-Only Lightweight Semantic Segmentation Model for Real-Time Land Cover Mapping of High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery on Satellites","volume":"18","author":"D Shu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0359870.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13070252","article-title":"A Lightweight Multi-Label Classification Method for Urban Green Space in High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery","volume":"13","author":"W Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJGI"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0359870.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3495","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113495","article-title":"Transformers for Remote Sensing: A Systematic Review and Analysis","volume":"24","author":"R Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0359870.ref009","unstructured":"Vaswani A, Shazeer N, Parmar N, et al. 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