{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:50:41Z","timestamp":1791226241858,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health and human rights concern affecting women globally. In Nigeria, entrenched social norms and cultural acceptance of male dominance contribute to its high prevalence. This study assessed the prevalence and determinants of emotional, physical, and sexual IPV among women residing in an urban Local Government Area (LGA) in Lagos, Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a cross-sectional study carried out among 502 women who had been married\/cohabiting for at least 2 years. Respondents were selected via multi-stage sampling. Data was collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires adapted from the WHO multi-country study questionnaire on women\u2019s health and life experiences. Data was analysed using univariate, bivariate analysis and binary logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean age of the women was 37.4\u2009\u00b1\u20098 years. The mean age of women\u2019s partners was 44.4\u2009\u00b1\u20098.7 years. Overall, 83% of women had ever experienced some form of IPV and 51.8% in the past year. Emotional IPV was most common (78% ever, 47.8% past year), followed by physical (54% ever, 27.5% past year) and sexual IPV (18% ever, 9.4% past year). Cohabiting women and women married for 2\u201310 years had higher odds of emotional IPV and any IPV. Women with no formal education [aOR 0.15, 95% CI 0.04\u20130.67] were less likely to experience any IPV. Women whose partners were younger [aOR 6.91, 95% CI 2.21\u201321.66], engaged in extramarital relationships [aOR 2.30, 95% CI 1.29\u20134.10], had significantly higher odds of any IPV. Women whose partners drank alcohol daily\/nearly every day [aOR 2.18, 95% CI 1.10\u20134.3] were more likely to be victims of physical IPV. Poor partner communication doubled the likelihood of physical IPV, and women whose partners\u2019 mothers had experienced violence were more likely to experience physical IPV. Women with negative attitudes toward gender roles were at greater risk of experiencing any form of IPV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study found a high prevalence of intimate partner violence among women in urban Lagos. Targeted interventions should focus on high-risk groups and be complemented by broader, multi-sectoral efforts to challenge gender norms, empower women, and strengthen legal and health-system responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0359973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:53:57Z","timestamp":1791222837000},"page":"e0359973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and determinants of emotional, physical, and sexual Intimate Partner Violence in urban Lagos, Nigeria: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6274-5468","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tope","family":"Olubodun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Medical Center Abeokuta","place":["Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajoke","family":"Adewole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Paget University Hospital","place":["Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, United Kingdom"],"department":["Department of Primary Care"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria Oluwasola","family":"Yesufu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unified Initiative for a Drug Free Nigeria","place":["Fagba, Lagos State, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifeoma P.","family":"Okafor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lagos","place":["Surulere, Lagos State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Community Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olorunfemi Akinbode","family":"Ogundele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Medical Sciences","place":["Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Community Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omobola Yetunde","family":"Ojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Medical Center Abeokuta","place":["Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gbemiga Adekunle","family":"Ajewole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Medical Center Abeokuta","place":["Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mobolanle Rasheedat","family":"Balogun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lagos","place":["Surulere, Lagos State, Nigeria"],"department":["Department of Community Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0359973.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intimate partner violence.","volume-title":"Understanding and addressing violence against women","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359973.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380231155529","article-title":"Global prevalence and mental health outcomes of intimate partner violence among women: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"SJ White","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359973.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.5455\/msm.2023.35.58-64","article-title":"Domestic violence during women\u2019s life in developing 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