{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:55:39Z","timestamp":1792000539088,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-19-1-2624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-19-1-2624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22RT0286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22RT0286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Colombia has become the principal host of Venezuelan migrants in Latin America, prompting a complex mix of solidarity, anxiety, and discrimination. This study offers a multidimensional analysis of Twitter (now X) discourse on Venezuelan migration in Colombia between 2014 and 2022, using natural language processing, geolocation inference, sentiment analysis, and manual annotation of derogatory terms. Drawing from 7.4 million posts, we examine how online discourse evolves across time, space, and language. While negative sentiment is pronounced in original tweets during periods of political and social unrest, our findings highlight that users tend to amplify neutral and positive messages\u2014over 67% of retweets fall into these categories\u2014suggesting an informal counterbalance to polarized discourse. Additionally, the analysis of the derogatory terms\n                    <jats:italic>veneco<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>veneca<\/jats:italic>\n                    reveals significant gendered patterns: the feminine form veneca appears more frequently in negative contexts, pointing to the gendered dimensions of xenophobic language. These results underscore the dual function of social media as a site of both stigmatization and resistance, offering insights into the emotional and cultural dimensions of migration discourse in Colombia\u2019s digital public sphere.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0360050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:32:41Z","timestamp":1791999161000},"page":"e0360050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multidimensional analysis of social discourse on Twitter (X) around Venezuelan migration in Colombia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University","place":["Suffolk, Virginia, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Miller-Felton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University","place":["Suffolk, Virginia, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose J.","family":"Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University","place":["Suffolk, Virginia, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Frydenlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University","place":["Suffolk, Virginia, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6134-7700","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katherine","family":"Palacio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Norte","place":["Barranquilla, Colombia"],"department":["Department of Industrial Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0360050.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1177\/0267323119886151","article-title":"Anti-immigration and racist discourse in social media","volume":"34","author":"M Ekman","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0360050.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3390\/soc13040083","article-title":"Xenophobia and hate speech towards refugees on social media: Reinforcing causes, negative effects, defense and response mechanisms against that speech","volume":"13","author":"Y Aldamen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Societies"},{"key":"pone.0360050.ref003","unstructured":"R4V. Latin America and the Caribbean: Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants in the Region, May 2024 [Internet]. 2024. 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