{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:57:44Z","timestamp":1791568664597,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The emergence of antifungal resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a major worldwide public health threat, particularly for immunocompromised patients. Antifungal resistance may arise through uniform resistance mechanisms or through variable evolutionary routes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether antifungal resistance arises in\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    through shared or isolate-specific mechanisms, in other words, following convergent or divergent adaptive pathways and genetic mechanisms. Six laboratory-induced fluconazole-resistant and six caspofungin-resistant isolates were analyzed using whole-genome sequencing coupled to phenotypic tests assessing pathogenicity characteristics. All fluconazole-resistant isolates showed increased ergosterol production and elevated ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter efflux pump activity, indicating conserved resistance adaptation mechanisms. Recurrent mutations included\n                    <jats:italic>ERG24<\/jats:italic>\n                    variants and\n                    <jats:italic>SOD6<\/jats:italic>\n                    S225P in all isolates while other mutations such as\n                    <jats:italic>ERG11<\/jats:italic>\n                    T128K varied between isolates. Caspofungin-resistant isolates exhibited diverse\n                    <jats:italic>CHS3<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations causing variable chitin increases despite a shared resistance strategy. In addition, many isolates displayed decreased biofilm formation and virulence which suggests that increased resistance subjects virulence mechanisms to fitness trade-offs. Altogether, our laboratory-induced antifungal-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates experienced convergent phenotypic adaptations that were the result of genetically diverse evolutionary routes. YMAP (Yeast Mapping Analysis Pipeline) observations also revealed large scale chromosomal rearrangements in our resistant isolates indicating that in addition to point mutations, rearrangements contribute to the acquisition of resistance. Our study highlights the complexity of resistance development and suggests that similar resistance outcomes may be driven by different genomic mechanisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0360234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:41:07Z","timestamp":1791567667000},"page":"e0360234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diverse genetic pathways drive convergent fluconazole and caspofungin resistance phenotypes in Candida albicans"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Mounzer","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lebanese American University","place":["Byblos, Lebanon"],"department":["Department of Biological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0482-1872","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nour","family":"Fattouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint George University of Beirut","place":["Beirut, Lebanon"],"department":["Department of Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christy","family":"Chedraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lebanese American University","place":["Byblos, Lebanon"],"department":["Department of Biological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Setrida","family":"El Hachem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lebanese American University","place":["Byblos, Lebanon"],"department":["Department of Biological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsolaire","family":"Sourenian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University","place":["Pilsen, Czech Republic"],"department":["Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine"]},{"name":"Charles University","place":["Pilsen, Czech Republic"],"department":["Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Bitar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University","place":["Pilsen, Czech Republic"],"department":["Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine"]},{"name":"Charles University","place":["Pilsen, Czech Republic"],"department":["Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5402-7730","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roy A.","family":"Khalaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lebanese American University","place":["Byblos, Lebanon"],"department":["Department of Biological 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