{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:51:47Z","timestamp":1792173107877,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Micro-nutrient deficiencies remain the major public health concern in sub-Saharan African countries including Ethiopia. In particular, adequate consumption of iron-rich foods among children aged 6\u201323 months in Ethiopia is very low, and is one of the reasons for the high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies. Consumption of iron-rich food among children aged 6\u201323 months has changed over time in Ethiopia. However, there is scant evidence on the factors contributed for the change in the consumption of iron-rich foods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the trend and factors associated with consumption of iron-rich foods among children aged 6\u201323 months in Ethiopia based on the 2005\u20132019 Ethiopian Demographic Health Surveys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Materials<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A repeated cross sectional study design was employed based on the 2005, 2011, 2016 and 2019 Ethiopian Demographic Health Surveys data. A total weighted samples of 10,796 children aged 6\u201323 months were included. Stata version 17 statistical software was used for data management and analysis. A logit-based decomposition analysis was employed to identify factors contributing for the change in consumption of iron-rich food over time. Coefficients with the 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and P-value were reported to declare the statistical significance and strength of the contribution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The consumption of iron-rich foods among children aged 6\u201323 months increased significantly from 10.8% (95%CI: 9.7, 11.9) in 2005 to 23.5% (95%CI:21.3, 25.6) in 2019. About 46.4% of the overall increment in the consumption of iron-rich foods among children was due to the difference in composition of women (change in endowment) across the surveys, while the difference due to the change in the effect of coefficients (change in characteristics) was insignificant. In the endowment component, the difference in composition of women with primary (23%) and secondary (10%) education, and difference in composition of women having four and above antenatal care visits (18%) were found to be significant contributing factors for the increase in the intake of iron-rich foods among young children. The increase in number of households with rich wealth status showed a 67.4% contribution for the increment of consumption of iron-rich foods during the third phase (2016\u20132019).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and recommendation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consumption of iron-rich foods among children aged 6\u201323 months has shown a remarkable increase over time in Ethiopia. Improvement in maternal education status, increase in number of antenatal care visits and improvement in household wealth status were the main drivers for the observed change. Strengthening policies that expand women\u2019s educational opportunities and integrate nutrition counseling into antenatal care services, and promoting household economic empowerment could further enhance iron-rich food intake. iron-rich.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0360237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:23:13Z","timestamp":1792171393000},"page":"e0360237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trend and factors associated with consumption of iron-rich foods among children aged 6\u201323 months in Ethiopia, Evidenced from 2005\u20132019 Ethiopia demographic and health survey: A multivariate decomposition analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1875-3470","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yidenek","family":"Anegagrie Birhanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar","place":["Gondar, Ethiopia"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology and biostatistics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7490-2162","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Getayeneh Antehunegn","family":"Tesema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar","place":["Gondar, Ethiopia"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology and biostatistics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ejigu Gebeye","family":"Zeleke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar","place":["Gondar, Ethiopia"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology and biostatistics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1614-8814","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tilahun Yemanu","family":"Birhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar","place":["Gondar, Ethiopia"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology and biostatistics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0360237.ref001","volume-title":"The state of the world\u2019s children 2019 - growing well in a changing world","author":"UNICEF","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0360237.ref002","volume-title":"Synopsis: 2014 global hunger index: The challenge of hidden hunger","author":"K Von Grebmer","year":"2014"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0360237.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016000276","article-title":"Prevalence and trends in the childhood dual burden of malnutrition in low-and middle-income countries, 1990\u20132012","volume":"19","author":"E Tzioumis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public health nutrition"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0360237.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101096","article-title":"Micronutrient status and dietary intake of iron, vitamin a, iodine, folate and zinc in women of reproductive age and pregnant women in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa: A systematic review of data from 2005 to 2015","volume":"9","author":"R Harika","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pone.0360237.ref005","volume-title":"National guideline for control and prevention of micronutrient deficiencies","author":"Ethiopia, F. 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