{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:42:40Z","timestamp":1792604560468,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated Alu methylation levels in 85 ischemic stroke patients and 50 healthy controls, using Alu-Combined Bisulfite Restriction Analysis (COBRA) a quantitative approach to assess methylation. Ischemic stroke patients had significantly lower overall Alu methylation as compared to controls (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Alu methylation was negatively correlated with age in both the control group (r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.6131, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and the ischemic stroke group (r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.2834, P\u2009=\u20090.0086). Moreover, among age-matched ischemic stroke patients, there remained a difference between control and ischemic stroke patients (P\u2009=\u20090.0182). Alu methylation remained associated with ischemic stroke status after adjustment for age and sex (adjusted OR = 0.841, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.709\u20130.979, P\u2009=\u20090.0327). Within the ischemic stroke group, disease duration was not significantly correlated with Alu methylation in the unadjusted analysis (r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.1594, P\u2009=\u20090.1450). However, after adjustment for age and sex, longer disease duration was associated with lower Alu methylation (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.556, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.994 to \u22120.117, P\u2009=\u20090.0137). Alu methylation was lower in patients with a history of multiple stroke events (P\u2009=\u20090.0323) and in those with Fazekas scores of 2\u20133 (P\u2009=\u20090.0324) in the unadjusted comparisons, but neither association remained statistically significant after adjustment for age and sex (P\u2009=\u20090.0542 and P\u2009=\u20090.0684, respectively). Stroke circulation location was not associated with Alu methylation. These findings support an association between Alu methylation and ischemic stroke status. Longer disease duration was also associated with lower Alu methylation after adjustment for age and sex. However, the cross-sectional design does not establish causality, disease progression, or predictive or prognostic value. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the clinical relevance of these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0360371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:28:44Z","timestamp":1792603724000},"page":"e0360371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alu hypomethylation in ischemic stroke: Associations with selected clinical characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Doungkamol","family":"Siri-archawawat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Walailak University","place":["Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand"],"department":["School of Medicine"]},{"name":"Walailak University Hospital, Walailak University","place":["Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirithip","family":"Chuaijit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walailak University","place":["Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand"],"department":["School of Medicine"]},{"name":"Walailak University","place":["Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand"],"department":["Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apiwat","family":"Mutirangura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chulalongkorn University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"],"department":["Center for Excellence in Molecular Genetics of Cancer and Human Diseases"]},{"name":"Chulalongkorn University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"],"department":["Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerald","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin-School of Medicine, National University of Singapore","place":["Singapore, Singapore"],"department":["Department of Biochemistry"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3312-0135","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jirapan","family":"Thongsroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walailak University","place":["Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand"],"department":["School of Medicine"]},{"name":"Walailak University","place":["Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand"],"department":["Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360371.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16010008","article-title":"Role of nanotechnology in ischemic stroke: Advancements in targeted therapies and diagnostics for enhanced clinical outcomes","volume":"16","author":"VK Yadav","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Funct Biomater"},{"key":"pone.0360371.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536028","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2025.1536028","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier repair: Potential and challenges of stem cells and exosomes in stroke treatment","volume":"19","author":"X Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0360371.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2023.06.003","article-title":"Stroke: Causes and clinical features","volume":"51","author":"SJX Murphy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0360371.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241308142","article-title":"World stroke organization: Global stroke fact sheet 2025","volume":"20","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0360371.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.045182","article-title":"Genetic insights into hemorrhagic stroke and vascular malformations: Pathogenesis and emerging therapeutic strategies","volume":"56","author":"P Kalailingam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0360371.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12080281","article-title":"Genetic architecture of ischemic stroke: Insights from genome-wide association studies and beyond","volume":"12","author":"A Jagodic","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0360371.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.71321\/y2sx8j49","article-title":"Research progress of epigenetic regulation in stroke treatment","volume":"1","author":"T Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Conflux"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0360371.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X251322032","article-title":"How epigenetics impacts stroke risk and outcomes through DNA methylation: A systematic review","volume":"46","author":"C Gallego-Fabrega","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360371.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11010089","article-title":"Pathogenesis of ischemic stroke: Role of epigenetic mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"R Stanzione","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0360371.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2025.106007","article-title":"DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation dynamics in the aging brain and its impact on ischemic stroke","volume":"188","author":"V Arruri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0360371.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181f20457","article-title":"Ischemic heart disease and stroke in relation to blood DNA methylation","volume":"21","author":"A Baccarelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0360371.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.392890","article-title":"Association of DNA methylation\/demethylation with the functional outcome of stroke in a hyperinflammatory state","volume":"19","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0360371.ref013","first-page":"152","article-title":"Dynamic regulation of DNA methylation and brain functions","volume":"12","author":"J Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360371.ref014","first-page":"1","article-title":"DNA and its functional significance in health and disease.","volume":"3","author":"R Haider","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0360371.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3329\/ajmbr.v11i2.79668","article-title":"The role of DNA methylation and histone modifications in the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies and solid cancers: Mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic potential","volume":"11","author":"S Ur Rehman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asian J Med Biol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360371.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s13237-021-00367-y","article-title":"DNA methylation and regulation of gene expression: Guardian of our health","volume":"64","author":"GA Dhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleus (Calcutta)"},{"key":"pone.0360371.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2025.102787","article-title":"DNA methylation dynamics: Patterns, regulation, and function","volume":"88","author":"J Gwee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Opin Plant Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360371.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2004.09.058","article-title":"Alu element mutation spectra: Molecular clocks and the effect of DNA methylation","volume":"344","author":"J Xing","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"pone.0360371.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91081-1.00010-8","article-title":"DNA damage, epigenetics, and aging","volume-title":"Epigenetics and DNA Damage","author":"A Mutirangura","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360371.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74353-0","article-title":"Alterations of senescence-associated markers in patients with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate","volume":"14","author":"C Charoenvicha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360371.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2023.1693","article-title":"CpG methylation changes in Alu repetitive sequences in normal aging due to diastolic hypertension in human dermal fibroblasts from the facial area","volume":"20","author":"S Jiraboonsri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0360371.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-025-11119-8","article-title":"Applications of deep learning algorithms in ischemic stroke detection, segmentation, and classification","volume":"58","author":"T Kousar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"key":"pone.0360371.ref023","article-title":"Proposal for the ischemic stroke phenotyping system 2025: ISPS25","author":"S Yaghi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0360371.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.70749\/ijbr.v3i5.1561","article-title":"Exploring the pattern of stroke in young adults: clinical presentations, risk factors, and implications for early detection and management","volume":"3","author":"Zainullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indus J Biosci Res"},{"key":"pone.0360371.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2024.102512","article-title":"Alu methylation level, morphological, and senescence changes during in vitro aging of human dental pulp stem cells","volume":"90","author":"A Vongprommool","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0360371.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2021.10.002","article-title":"Alu repetitive sequence CpG methylation changes in burn scars","volume":"48","author":"J Meevassana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0360371.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270004","article-title":"The association between Alu hypomethylation and the severity of hypertension","volume":"17","author":"J Thongsroy","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0360371.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-017-0395-6","article-title":"The association between Alu hypomethylation and severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"J Thongsroy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"pone.0360371.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24966","article-title":"Decreased Alu methylation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients increases HbA1c levels","volume":"37","author":"J Thongsroy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0360371.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2013.09.002","article-title":"Alu elements: An intrinsic source of human genome instability","volume":"3","author":"C Ade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360371.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.5808\/GI.2016.14.3.70","article-title":"Structural variation of alu element and human disease","volume":"14","author":"S Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genomics Inform"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360371.ref032","article-title":"A simple method for estimating global DNA methylation using bisulfite PCR of repetitive DNA elements","volume":"32","author":"AS Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0360371.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9797","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.22.9797","article-title":"Alu methylation in serum from patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"D Tiwawech","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0360371.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5495","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2013.14.9.5495","article-title":"Alu hypomethylation in smoke-exposed epithelia and oral squamous carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"C Puttipanyalears","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"pone.0360371.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5492","article-title":"Alu hypermethylation and high oxidative stress in patients with musculoskeletal tumors","volume":"6","author":"T Woraruthai","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0360371.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4469","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.9.4469","article-title":"LINE-1 and Alu methylation patterns in lymph node metastases of head and neck cancers","volume":"13","author":"N Kitkumthorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0360371.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15040470","article-title":"The role of IL-6 in ischemic stroke","volume":"15","author":"H Pawluk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0360371.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7928","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26167928","article-title":"Immunological and inflammatory biomarkers in the prognosis, prevention, and treatment of ischemic stroke: A review of a decade of advancement","volume":"26","author":"MP Iordache","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0360371.ref039","first-page":"2395269","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1: The next marker of stroke","volume":"2022","author":"Y Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360371.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543519","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2543519","article-title":"The role of TNF signaling pathway in post-stroke cognitive impairment: A systematic review","volume":"57","author":"R Fanzhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"pone.0360371.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608353","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1608353","article-title":"The role of inflammation in Ischemic stroke: from biomarker to treatment","volume":"16","author":"L Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360371.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3934\/Neuroscience.2025020","article-title":"Oxidative genomic or genotoxic stress in neurodegeneration: Mechanisms and therapeutic avenues","volume":"12","author":"T Uddin","year":"2025","journal-title":"AIMS Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0360371.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-8520-1_5","article-title":"Human diseases induced by oxidative damage in DNA","volume-title":"Nucleic acid biology and its application in human diseases","author":"S Panda","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0360371.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061300","article-title":"Effect of 8-hydroxyguanine DNA glycosylase 1 on the function of immune cells","volume":"12","author":"W Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0360371.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NP00086E","article-title":"S-Adenosylmethionine: more than just a methyl donor","volume":"40","author":"YH Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Prod Rep"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0360371.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202200212","article-title":"Methyltransferases: Functions and applications","volume":"23","author":"E Abdelraheem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360371.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17030535","article-title":"S-Adenosylmethionine: A multifaceted regulator in cancer pathogenesis and therapy","volume":"17","author":"D Fern\u00e1ndez-Ramos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0360371.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1096\/fba.2021-00131","article-title":"The roles of HMGB1-produced DNA gaps in DNA protection and aging biomarker reversal","volume":"4","author":"S Yasom","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB Bioadv"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0360371.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2017-0096","article-title":"Alu siRNA to increase Alu element methylation and prevent DNA damage","volume":"10","author":"M Patchsung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0360371.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v11i12.4952","article-title":"Genome wide hypomethylation and youth-associated DNA gap reduction promoting DNA damage and senescence-associated pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"P Watcharanurak","year":"2023","journal-title":"MRAJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360371.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2306\/scienceasia1513-1874.2025.s005","article-title":"DNA protection epigenetic marks: \u201cYouth-associated genomic stabilization DNA gaps\u201d (youth-DNA-gaps)","author":"P Watcharanurak","year":"2025","journal-title":"ScienceAsia"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0360371.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2022-0022","article-title":"Human RNA-directed DNA methylation methylates high-mobility group box 1 protein-produced DNA gaps","volume":"14","author":"P Watcharanurak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360371.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46431-2","article-title":"The inverse association between DNA gaps and HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"J Thongsroy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0360371.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70705","article-title":"Current advancement and patient outcomes in reperfusion brain injuries after stroke: A comparative analysis of thrombolysis and thrombectomy","volume":"15","author":"OT Ayomide","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0360371.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-00672","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of the inflammatory response in stroke","volume":"20","author":"J Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0360371.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13111-2","article-title":"Lipoprotein-a and white matter abnormalities: Predicting small vessel disease in young patients with ischemic cerebrovascular events","volume":"272","author":"P Caruso","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0360371.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.017429","article-title":"Association of white matter hyperintensities with short-term outcomes in patients with minor cerebrovascular events","volume":"49","author":"C Zerna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0360371.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.040082","article-title":"Cerebral small-vessel disease markers on magnetic resonance imaging as predictors of recurrent vascular events and death in ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"MN Hairus S","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0360371","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:28:51Z","timestamp":1792603731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0360371"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Amaal Gh.","family":"Yasser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Griffith University","place":["AUSTRALIA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0360371","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]}}}