{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:38:04Z","timestamp":1792607884069,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reproductive coercion is an under-recognised form of violence against women and is not routinely captured by standard measures of intimate partner violence, which commonly focus on physical, sexual, and emotional violence. This study examined the association between reproductive coercion and these measured forms of intimate partner violence and estimated the proportion of women who reported reproductive coercion without reporting any of the physical, sexual, or emotional violence items included in the survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed nationally representative data from 24,951 ever-married women, including 22,161 currently married women, in the Bangladesh Violence Against Women Survey 2024. Outcomes were physical, sexual, emotional, and any conventional IPV, assessed in the past 12 months among currently married women and over the lifetime among ever-married women. Exposures were reproductive coercion pattern and contraceptive coercion typology. Survey-weighted Poisson regression with robust standard errors estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) with 95% CIs for associations with conventional IPV. Survey-weighted logistic regression examined factors associated with reproductive coercion without reported conventional IPV and was considered exploratory because of the small number of events. Survey-weighted prevalence estimates were applied to 2022 census population counts to derive population estimates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the past 12 months, 27.30% of currently married women reported conventional IPV and 3.59% reported reproductive coercion; corresponding lifetime prevalences among ever-married women were 60.40% and 9.25%. Including reproductive coercion increased the prevalence of any reported abuse to 28.61% and 61.18%, respectively. Reproductive coercion was associated with a higher prevalence of each form of conventional IPV, with the largest aPRs among women reporting multiple forms of reproductive coercion. Reproductive coercion without reported conventional IPV was reported by 1.31% (95% CI 1.08\u20131.59) of currently married women in the past 12 months and 0.78% (0.60\u20131.01) of ever-married women over the lifetime, corresponding to approximately 645,483 (95% UI 532,154\u2013783,449) and 437,414 (337,106\u2013567,462) women, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reproductive coercion captures a dimension of violence against women that is only partly reflected in conventional IPV measures. Women reporting reproductive coercion without conventional IPV might have experienced unmeasured or unreported violence; therefore, this group indicates a measurement gap rather than absence of other abuse. Including validated reproductive coercion measures in national violence surveys could improve evidence for health, legal, and social support responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0360372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:40:56Z","timestamp":1792604456000},"page":"e0360372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond conventional indicators: Reproductive coercion and its overlap with measured intimate partner violence in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4550-4363","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md. Nuruzzaman","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University","place":["Bangladesh"],"department":["Department of Population Science"]},{"name":"Nossal Institute for Global Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0360372.ref001","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0360372.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02664-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence estimates of physical or sexual, or both, intimate partner violence against women in 2018","volume":"399","author":"L Sardinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0360372.ref003","author":"Bangladesh Bureau of 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Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0360372.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.18124","article-title":"Reproductive autonomy: women\u2019s health and rights","volume":"132","author":"R Thakar","year":"2025","journal-title":"BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology"},{"key":"pone.0360372.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195154276.001.0001","volume-title":"Coercive control: How men entrap women in personal life","author":"E Stark","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0360372.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838016663935","article-title":"Reproductive Coercion: A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"KT Grace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trauma Violence 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Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0360372.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214843","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and social connection among married women in rural Bangladesh","volume":"75","author":"LW Stoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360372.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-025-02208-6","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between intimate partner violence, reproductive health and pregnancy outcome: A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"MA Barez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0360372.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293295","article-title":"Factors and consequences associated with intimate partner violence against women in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"L Gunarathne","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360372.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063730","article-title":"Pooled analysis of the association between mental health and violence against women: Evidence from five settings in the Global South","volume":"13","author":"L Ramsoomar","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0360372.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519888205","article-title":"Prevalence of intimate partner reproductive coercion in the United States: Racial and ethnic differences","volume":"36","author":"KC Basile","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0360372.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1002\/wmh3.209","article-title":"A systematic review of reproductive coercion in international settings","volume":"8","author":"KT Grace","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Med Health Policy"},{"key":"pone.0360372.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.103056","article-title":"Longitudinal impact of past-year reproductive coercion on contraceptive use dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from eight population-based cohorts","volume":"80","author":"SN Wood","year":"2025","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"pone.0360372.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100484","article-title":"Reproductive coercion in Uttar Pradesh, India: Prevalence and associations with partner violence and reproductive health","volume":"9","author":"JG Silverman","year":"2019","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0360372.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.52436","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and reproductive coercion: Cross-sectional study of women attending a Perth sexual health clinic, 2019-20","volume":"221","author":"M Galrao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0360372.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.01.021","article-title":"Association between child marriage and reproductive health outcomes and service utilization: A multi-country study from South Asia","volume":"52","author":"D Godha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360372.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.3.427","article-title":"Sick individuals and sick populations","volume":"30","author":"G Rose","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360372.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652218","DOI":"10.1080\/26410397.2026.2652218","article-title":"Development of a comprehensive measure of reproductive coercion and abuse for global use: A Delphi study","volume":"33","author":"D 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health survey 2017-18 data","volume":"23","author":"MA Billah","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Women's Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0360372","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:41:04Z","timestamp":1792604464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0360372"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vandana","family":"Dabla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Global Health 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