{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:47:49Z","timestamp":1792086469111,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services","award":["75N93021C00015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00015"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services","award":["75N93021C00015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Continued serosurvey for SARS-CoV-2 population immunity is critical for vaccine strain selection and identification of susceptible groups such as young children. We aim to evaluate the use of a high-throughput, low-volume assay to describe strain-specific IgG measurement in a longitudinally followed community based cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The longitudinal Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation study has observed around 300 households annually for acute respiratory illness. SARS-CoV-2 variant-specific IgG (including original, Delta, Beta, and Omicron variants) concentrations were measured using multiplex electrochemiluminescence (ECL), pseudoviral neutralization (PN), and ACE2 inhibition assays in participants who had serum samples drawn between July 1 and December 31, 2021. Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficient assessed correlation within and between ECL, ACE2, and PN assays. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis evaluated the performance of ECL and ACE2 assays. Generalized additive mixed models estimated population immunity by age against SARS-CoV-2 variants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 156 serum samples from 117 participants were selected for this study. Most (65.8%) were from adults and a majority (77.8%) received vaccination during the analysis period. High correlations were observed within ECL IgG assays (0.95\u20131.00), within ACE2 inhibition assays (0.70\u20130.99), and between assay platforms, including ECL versus PN (0.81\u20130.83) and ACE2 versus PN (0.88\u20130.95). ROC analysis demonstrated strong discrimination of vaccination status by ECL IgG assays (AUC: 0.84\u20130.88; sensitivity: 0.88\u20130.91; specificity: 0.87\u20130.88). ACE2 inhibition assays showed more variable performance (AUC: 0.53\u20130.96; sensitivity: 0.17\u20130.93; specificity: 0.91\u20131.00), with lower performance observed for some BA.2-related antigens. SARS-CoV-2 IgG concentrations generally increased with age and appeared to plateau in early adulthood, although estimates were imprecise in younger age groups because of small sample sizes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found a high correlation between ECL, ACE2, and PN across variants. Age-specific IgG quantities reflected behavior and infection histories collected by active surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0360506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:25:24Z","timestamp":1792085124000},"page":"e0360506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of pre-Omicron population immunity for SARS-CoV-2 in the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) cohort"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6011-4152","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yangyupei","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan School of Public Health","place":["Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey","family":"Juntila-Raymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan School of Public Health","place":["Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Callear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan School of Public Health","place":["Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan School of Public Health","place":["Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reilly K.","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruhi","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jefferson J. S.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott E.","family":"Hensley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold S.","family":"Monto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan School of Public Health","place":["Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily T.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan School of Public Health","place":["Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7880","key":"pone.0360506.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03914-4","article-title":"Burden and characteristics of COVID-19 in the United States during 2020","volume":"598","author":"S Pei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0360506.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab593","article-title":"Comparative immunogenicity and effectiveness of mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, and Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"225","author":"V Naranbhai","year":"2022","journal-title":"The J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0360506.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00809-x","article-title":"The impact of pre-existing cross-reactive immunity on SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine responses","volume":"23","author":"SM Murray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0360506.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10060850","article-title":"Assessing the reliability of SARS-CoV-2 neutralization studies that use post-vaccination sera","volume":"10","author":"H Jacobsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0360506.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2021.105050","article-title":"A novel multiplex electrochemiluminescent immunoassay for detection and quantification of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and anti-seasonal endemic human coronavirus IgG","volume":"146","author":"FF Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"pone.0360506.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104572","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel multiplexed assay for determining IgG levels and functional activity to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"130","author":"M Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0360506.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf168","article-title":"Strength and durability of respiratory syncytial virus prefusion F immunoglobulin G following infection and exposure in a household cohort, 2014-2022","volume":"231","author":"KE Rumfelt","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0360506.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz086","article-title":"Data resource profile: Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) study","volume":"48","author":"AS Monto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360506.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae423","article-title":"Respiratory viral infections from 2015 to 2022 in the HIVE Cohort of American Households: Incidence, Illness Characteristics, and Seasonality","volume":"231","author":"AS Monto","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360506.ref010","article-title":"Respiratory virus circulation during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) cohort","volume":"17","author":"SR Fine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0360506.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv313","article-title":"Persistence of antibodies to influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidase following one or two years of influenza vaccination","volume":"212","author":"JG Petrie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0360506.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix608","article-title":"The Household influenza vaccine effectiveness study: Lack of antibody response and protection following receipt of 2014-2015 influenza vaccine","volume":"65","author":"JG Petrie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360506.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae423","article-title":"Respiratory viral infections from 2015 to 2022 in the hive cohort of American households: incidence, illness characteristics, and seasonality","volume":"231","author":"AS Monto","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0360506.ref014","unstructured":"Diagnostic accuracy of the ultrasensitive S-PLEX SARS-CoV-2 N electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Accessed March 16, 2025. https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2022-0155\/html"},{"key":"pone.0360506.ref015","unstructured":"15.V-PLEX SARS-CoV-2 Panel 30 (IgG) Kit | Meso Scale Discovery. https:\/\/www.mesoscale.com\/products\/v-plex-sars-cov-2-panel-30-igg-kit-k15632u\/ Accessed 2025 March 16."},{"key":"pone.0360506.ref016","unstructured":"16.V-PLEX SARS-CoV-2 Panel 1 (IgG) Kit. https:\/\/www.mesoscale.com\/products\/sars-cov-2-panel-1-igg-k15359u\/ Accessed 2025 March 16."},{"key":"pone.0360506.ref017","unstructured":"17.V-PLEX SARS-CoV-2 Panel 29 (IgG) Kit | Meso Scale Discovery. https:\/\/www.mesoscale.com\/products\/v-plex-sars-cov-2-panel-29-igg-kit-k15624u\/ Accessed 2025 March 16."},{"key":"pone.0360506.ref018","unstructured":"V-PLEX SARS-CoV-2 Panel 30 (ACE2) Kit. https:\/\/www.mesoscale.com\/products\/v-plex-sars-cov-2-panel-30-ace2-kit-k15635u\/ Accessed 2025 March 16."},{"key":"pone.0360506.ref019","unstructured":"19.V-PLEX SARS-CoV-2 Panel 29 (ACE2) Kit. https:\/\/www.mesoscale.com\/products\/v-plex-sars-cov-2-panel-29-ace2-kit-k15627u\/ Accessed 2025 March 16."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0360506.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa161","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody responses in children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) and mild and severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"10","author":"EM Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0360506.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.02.017","article-title":"Immunological imprinting shapes the specificity of human antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"57","author":"TS Johnston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0360506.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2993","article-title":"Youden Index and the optimal threshold for markers with mass at zero","volume":"27","author":"EF Schisterman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"pone.0360506.ref023","unstructured":"The R Project for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/ Accessed 2024 July 5."}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0360506","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:25:27Z","timestamp":1792085127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0360506"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Esaki M.","family":"Shankar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central University of Tamil Nadu","place":["INDIA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0360506","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]}}}