{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:56:03Z","timestamp":1791568563367,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023674","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP2\/36\/47"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/36\/47"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Chronic environmental noise exposure is a recognized public health concern linked to stress-mediated physiological responses, yet its specific impact on temporomandibular disorders (TMD), bruxism, and malocclusion remains poorly investigated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To compare the prevalence of TMD, malocclusion, and bruxism between adults residing in high-traffic versus Low- traffic areas in New Delhi, India, and to identify independent predictors of TMD risk.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This comparative cross-sectional study enrolled 300 adults (150 per group) from high traffic and low traffic residential areas of New Delhi, India. Individual-level noise exposure (LAeq,24h) was objectively measured. TMD was diagnosed using Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC\/TMD Axis I criteria). Bruxism, malocclusion, perceived stress scale \u22121= (PSS-10), and Pittsburgh sleep quality (PSQI) were assessed using validated instruments. Multivariable logistic regression and mediation analysis were performed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n High-traffic residents had significantly higher TMD prevalence (61.3% vs. 25.3%), bruxism (42.7% vs. 14.0%), and malocclusion (52.0% vs. 26.0%; all p\u2009<\u20090.001). A significant dose-response relationship was confirmed (\u03c7\u00b2 for trend p\u2009<\u20090.001). High noise exposure was the strongest independent predictor of TMD (aOR = 3.10; 95% CI: 2.00\u20134.80). Bruxism and perceived stress accounted for 41.4% of this association in exploratory mediation analysis, a pattern compatible with mediation, though the cross sectional design precludes establishing temporal precedence.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Environmental noise exposure was independently and dose-dependently associated with TMD andbruxism. malocclusion was also prevalent in high traffic areas; however, this cross sectional association more likely reflects pre-existing skeletal or occlusal characteristics than a causal effect of noise, and should be interpreted with caution. These findings support noise abatement policies and targeted oral health screening in high traffic urban environments.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0360667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:33:31Z","timestamp":1791567211000},"page":"e0360667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental noise pollution and its association with temporomandibular joint disorders, malocclusion, and bruxism: A Comparative cross-sectional study of adults in high-traffic and low- traffic areas"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Hasan A. Alshehri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, King Khalid University","place":["Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"department":["Department of Prosthodontics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulkhaliq","family":"Ali F. Alshadidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University","place":["Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"department":["Department of Allied Dental Health Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lujain Ibrahim N.","family":"Aldosari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, King Khalid University","place":["Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"department":["Department of Prosthodontics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultan Mohammed","family":"Kaleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Biology and Periodontology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University","place":["Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"department":["Department of Oral Diagnosis"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishwanath","family":"Gurumurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University","place":["Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"department":["Department of Allied Dental Health Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University","place":["Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"department":["Department of Allied Dental Health Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1583-3246","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sunil Kumar","family":"Vaddamanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University","place":["Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"department":["Department of Allied Dental Health Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360667.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.126342","article-title":"Community noise pollution in urban India: Need for public health action","volume":"39","author":"L Jamir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"issue":"76","key":"pone.0360667.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.155833","article-title":"Noise pollution and annoyance: An urban soundscapes study","volume":"17","author":"KM de Paiva Vianna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360667.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-04864-9","article-title":"The relationship between noise pollution and cardiovascular diseases: an umbrella review on meta-analyses","volume":"25","author":"S Tabaei","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0360667.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12151538","article-title":"Driving stress-induced effects on the orofacial region and its functions and health behaviors in Riyadh: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"12","author":"C Soman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0360667.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15020117","article-title":"Transforming Sleep Monitoring: Review of Wearable and Remote Devices Advancing Home Polysomnography and Their Role in Predicting Neurological Disorders","volume":"15","author":"D Vitazkova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0360667.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9145","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179145","article-title":"Effects of exposure to road, railway, airport and recreational noise on blood pressure and hypertension","volume":"18","author":"D Petri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"9925","key":"pone.0360667.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61613-X","article-title":"Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health","volume":"383","author":"M Basner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0360667.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020393","article-title":"Evidence for environmental noise effects on health for the United Kingdom policy context: A systematic review of the effects of environmental noise on mental health, wellbeing, quality of life, cancer, dementia, birth, reproductive outcomes, and cognition","volume":"17","author":"C Clark","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0360667.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5612","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14165612","article-title":"Association between occlusal interferences, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, and bruxism in romanian adults","volume":"14","author":"IE Lile","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0360667.ref010","article-title":"Relationship between occlusal factors and temporomandibular disorders: A systematic literature review","volume":"16","author":"R Lekaviciute","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0360667.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/17581869.2025.2502311","article-title":"Pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to temporomandibular disorder chronic pain: A narrative review","volume":"15","author":"F Jogna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Manag"},{"key":"pone.0360667.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4623109","article-title":"Environmental noise-induced effects on stress hormones, oxidative stress, and vascular dysfunction: Key factors in the relationship between cerebrocardiovascular and psychological disorders","volume":"2019","author":"O Hahad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0360667.ref013","first-page":"105","article-title":"Bruxism: A literature review","volume":"6","author":"SV Reddy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Int Oral Health"},{"issue":"34","key":"pone.0360667.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46820","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-33973-9","article-title":"Road traffic noise exposure and its impact on health: evidence from animal and human studies-chronic stress, inflammation, and oxidative stress as key components of the complex downstream pathway underlying noise-induced non-auditory health effects","volume":"31","author":"A Arregi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360667.ref015","first-page":"125","article-title":"Road traffic noise and sleep disturbances in an urban population: cross-sectional study","volume":"47","author":"B Jakovljevi\u0107","year":"2006","journal-title":"Croat Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0360667.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2024.1747","article-title":"Neurobiology of bruxism: The impact of stress (Review)","volume":"20","author":"IA Pavlou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0360667.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s12647-022-00620-y","article-title":"Evaluation and analysis of environmental noise levels in NCT of Delhi, India","volume":"38","author":"BS Chauhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"MAPAN"},{"issue":"7624","key":"pone.0360667.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD","article-title":"Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"335","author":"E von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0360667.ref019","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region. 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360667.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.1151","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC\/TMD) for clinical and research applications: Recommendations of the International RDC\/TMD Consortium Network* and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group\u2020","volume":"28","author":"E Schiffman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360667.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12011","article-title":"Bruxism defined and graded: an international consensus","volume":"40","author":"F Lobbezoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0360667.ref022","first-page":"153","article-title":"Role of psychosocial factors in the etiology of bruxism","volume":"23","author":"D Manfredini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"pone.0360667.ref023","first-page":"295","article-title":"The environment and disease: association or causation?","volume":"58","author":"AB Hill","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0360667","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:33:35Z","timestamp":1791567215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0360667"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Anirban","family":"Bhowmick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VIT Bhopal University","place":["INDIA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0360667","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]}}}