{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:52:15Z","timestamp":1792173135524,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The deepening integration of generative AI into design education is driving a paradigm shift in human-computer AI collaboration (HAIC) -from mere tool assistance toward intelligent synergy. However, its dual impact on the competency development of design students and the underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. Grounded in the Theory of Stress Appraisal, this study constructs a research model to examine the double-edged sword effect of HAIC on Design Competence (DC), introducing teacher AI Leadership (AIL) as a moderating variable. The aim is to reveal the psychological mechanisms and boundary conditions through which HAIC influences DC. Employing a questionnaire survey, this study conducted an empirical investigation involving 483 design students in East China. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0 and Amos 23.0, encompassing reliability and validity tests, regression analysis, and Bootstrap mediation analysis. The results indicate that HAIC influences DC through dual pathways: it positively enhances DC by fostering Challenge Appraisal (CA) (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.283, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), which in turn positively predicted competence development (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.363, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), yielding a significant indirect effect of 0.103 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Simultaneously, HAIC triggered Hindrance Appraisal (HA) (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.271, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), which negatively predicted competence development (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.229, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), yielding a significant indirect effect of \u22120.062 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). This constitutes a partial mediating mechanism characterized by \u201cone positive, one negative\u201d effect. Furthermore, Teacher AIL exhibits an asymmetric moderating effect: it significantly buffers the positive impact of HAIC on HA (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.112, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), indicating that high AIL can mitigate cognitive load and anxiety arising from technological uncertainty, yet it does not significantly amplify the positive pathway via CA (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.001, p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). The findings suggest that the impact of HAIC on DC is not linear but rather a dialectical process contingent upon individual cognitive appraisal. The core value of Teacher AIL lies in \u201crisk mitigation\u201d rather than \u201ccreativity stimulation,\u201d offering a theoretical foundation for the intelligent transformation of educational design. At the practical level, it is imperative to facilitate from knowledge deliverers to cognitive facilitators in AI-augmented design education. By systematically developing AI instructional competencies and reforming assessment systems, educators can guide students toward establishing a healthy relationship with HAIC, thereby achieving the synergistic advancement of technological empowerment and humanistic literacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0360722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:24:22Z","timestamp":1792171462000},"page":"e0360722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The double-edged sword of human-AI collaboration on design students\u2019 competence development: The mediating roles of challenge and hindrance appraisals and the asymmetric moderation of teacher AI leadership"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2819-6936","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Technology","place":["Nanjing, China"],"department":["School of Art and Design"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MingXing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Academy of Fine Arts, Shanghai University","place":["Shanghai, China"],"department":["Department of Design"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Technology","place":["Nanjing, China"],"department":["School of Art and Design"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YU","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hongik University","place":["Seoul, Korea"],"department":["Design and Craft Graduate School"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiabei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of the Arts","place":["Nanjing, China"],"department":["School of Industrial Design"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0360722.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455015","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1455015","article-title":"The influence of generative artificial intelligence on creative cognition of design students: A chain mediation model of self-efficacy and anxiety","volume":"15","author":"Y Hwang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360722.ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"An effective learning evaluation method based on text data with real-time attribution-a case study for mathematical class with students of junior middle school in China","volume":"22","author":"S Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Trans Asian and Low-Res Lang Inform Process"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0360722.ref003","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploration and practice of AI undergraduate program construction and curriculum reform","author":"N Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computer Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360722.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3390\/su18010147","article-title":"Empowering teaching in higher education through artificial intelligence: A multidimensional exploration","volume":"18","author":"T Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0360722.ref005","article-title":"Revolutionizing visuals: The role of generative AI in modern image generation. ACM transactions on multimedia computing","volume":"20","author":"G Bansal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Appl"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2023.102084","article-title":"Global-local fusion based on adversarial sample generation for image-text matching","volume":"103","author":"S Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inform Fusion"},{"issue":"28","key":"pone.0360722.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn5290","article-title":"Generative AI enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel content","volume":"10","author":"AR Doshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0360722.ref008","article-title":"A practical study on enhancing the learning efficiency of basic Photoshop skills among secondary vocational school students through artificial intelligence tools","volume":"2","author":"H Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Mod Edu Theory Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360722.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29202","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14164-z","article-title":"Enhancing art creation through AI-based generative adversarial networks in educational auxiliary system","volume":"15","author":"Y He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0360722.ref010","first-page":"85","article-title":"From blended teaching to human\u2013AI collaborative teaching: new teaching forms under the change of generative AI technology","volume":"45","author":"K Yi","year":"2025","journal-title":"China Distance Edu"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0360722.ref011","first-page":"42","article-title":"Design teaching exploration in the era of generative AI: taking the \u201cAI generative imaging\u201d course at Tsinghua University as an example","author":"J Min","year":"2023","journal-title":"Archit J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360722.ref012","article-title":"Cognitive offloading in the age of artificial intelligence: Psychological implications of excessive AI dependence","volume":"2","author":"PV Fayize","year":"2026","journal-title":"Innov Pol Action Cult Transf"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0360722.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.07.002","article-title":"Cognitive offloading","volume":"20","author":"EF Risko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360722.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-024-00316-7","article-title":"The effects of over-reliance on AI dialogue systems on students\u2019 cognitive abilities: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"C Zhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Learn Environ"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref015","article-title":"Echo chambers and algorithmic bias: The homogenization of online culture in a smart society","volume":"202","author":"SDG Putri","year":"2024","journal-title":"SHS Web of Conf"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref016","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of generative AI on design fixation and divergent thinking.","author":"S Wadinambiarachchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0360722.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2024.2309963","article-title":"A critical review of GenAI policies in higher education assessment: A call to reconsider the \u201coriginality\u201d of students\u2019 work","volume":"49","author":"J Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Assess Eval Higher Edu"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360722.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S2044251323000735","article-title":"Copyright protection for AI-generated works: Exploring originality and ownership in a digital landscape","volume":"15","author":"H Gaffar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asian J Int Law"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0360722.ref019","first-page":"239","article-title":"Research on cognitive bias of college students caused by generative AI and counselors\u2019 coping strategies","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zhongguancun"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref020","volume-title":"Robots and robotic devices \u2013 safety requirements for industrial robots \u2013 part 1, 2: robot systems and integration","year":"2011"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0360722.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364912455366","article-title":"The role of roles: physical cooperation between humans and robots","volume":"31","author":"A M\u00f6rtl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Robotics Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360722.ref022","first-page":"100899","article-title":"Unlocking the value of artificial intelligence in human resource management through AI competence framework","volume":"33","author":"S Chowdhury","year":"2023","journal-title":"Human Res Manag Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360722.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2024.00162","article-title":"Dancing with AI: AI\u2013employee collaboration from a systematic perspective","volume":"32","author":"M Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0360722.ref024","first-page":"99","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in design: research on human\u2013AI collaboration from the perspective of designers","author":"W Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Art Res"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref025","volume-title":"Stress, appraisal, and coping","author":"RS Lazarus","year":"1984"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118993811.ch21","article-title":"Lazarus and Folkman\u2019s psychological stress and coping theory","author":"A Biggs","year":"2017","journal-title":"The handbook of stress and health: A guide to research and practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360722.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2013.0778","article-title":"Turning their pain to gain: Charismatic leader influence on follower stress appraisal and job performance","volume":"59","author":"MA LePine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad Manag J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360722.ref028","first-page":"33","article-title":"The impact of AI anxiety on the innovation behavior of new-generation employees","volume":"39","author":"W Jing","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Guizhou Univ Comm"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360722.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-694X(90)90002-T","article-title":"The nature and nurture of design ability","volume":"11","author":"N Cross","year":"1990","journal-title":"Design Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360722.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/095448299261434","article-title":"Analysis of product competence at the design stage","volume":"10","author":"KG Swift","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Eng Design"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360722.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10798-020-09561-6","article-title":"Viability of competencies, skills and knowledge acquired by industrial design students","volume":"31","author":"AG Mar\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Tech Design Edu"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2022.101032","article-title":"Improving student creativity through digital technology products: A literature review","volume":"44","author":"C Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Think Skills Creativity"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360722.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10798-020-09608-8","article-title":"T\/E design based learning: Assessing student critical thinking and problem solving abilities","volume":"32","author":"S Shanta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Tech Design Edu"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref034","first-page":"9587049","article-title":"Analyzing the influence of college aesthetic education teaching on college students\u2019 innovation ability and artistic literacy based on decision tree classification model","author":"M Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mobile Inform Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360722.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/1554480X.2022.2147937","article-title":"Humanistic STE(A)M instruction through empathy: leveraging design thinking to improve society","volume":"19","author":"SB Bush","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pedagogies: An Int J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360722.ref036","first-page":"17","article-title":"Digital leadership: a systematic conceptual literature review","volume":"3","author":"M Sa\u011fba\u015f","year":"2022","journal-title":"\u0130stanbul Kent \u00dcniversitesi \u0130nsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360722.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/15480518231181731","article-title":"The now, new, and next of digital leadership: How artificial intelligence (AI) will take over and change leadership as we know it","volume":"30","author":"N Van Quaquebeke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Leadership Org Stud"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0360722.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-023-00914-1","article-title":"\u201cCan we just Please slow it all Down?\u201d School leaders take on ChatGPT","volume":"67","author":"J Dunnigan","year":"2023","journal-title":"TechTrends"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548104","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2025.1548104","article-title":"Implementing artificial intelligence in academic and administrative processes through responsible strategic leadership in higher education institutions","volume":"10","author":"SA Khairullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Edu"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360722.ref040","first-page":"85","article-title":"Research on the reshaping mechanism of teachers\u2019 digital-intelligent teaching leadership in the context of generative AI","author":"T Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Edu Acad Monthly"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0360722.ref041","first-page":"1","article-title":"The double-edged sword effect of AI disruption awareness on AI usage behavior","volume":"42","author":"H Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Tech Prog Policy"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107987","article-title":"Can AI really help? The double-edged sword effect of AI assistant on employees\u2019 innovation behavior","volume":"150","author":"M Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comp Human Behav"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738774","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2026.1738774","article-title":"Exploring the role of agentic AI in fostering self-efficacy, autonomy support, and self-learning motivation in higher education","volume":"9","author":"J Alqurni","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Artif Intell"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550621","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1550621","article-title":"The cognitive paradox of AI in education: Between enhancement and erosion","volume":"16","author":"B Jose","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0360722.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2025.2530071","article-title":"Ethical issues in AI-generated texts: a systematic review and analysis","volume":"42","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Human\u2013Comp Interact"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360722.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-02-2024-0222","article-title":"When knowledge workers meet AI? The double-edged sword effects of AI adoption on innovative work behavior","volume":"29","author":"X Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"JKM"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360722.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-026-07072-8","article-title":"Challenge or threat? The double-edged sword effect of AI use on innovative teaching behavior among primary and secondary school teachers in China","volume":"13","author":"L Kong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Humanit Soc Sci Commun"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0360722.ref048","first-page":"10","article-title":"Research on the impact mechanism of technology shock awareness on craftsman spirit of manufacturing workers in the AI context","volume":"42","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Tech Prog Policy"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0360722.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2025.1482","article-title":"The double-edged sword effect of crisis event strengths on employee proactivity: The moderating role of crisis leadership","volume":"57","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica Sinica"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359164","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1359164","article-title":"Competitive organizational climate and artificial intelligence (AI) acceptance: The moderating role of leaders\u2019 power construal","volume":"15","author":"K Fousiani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2023.103928","article-title":"The impact of trust in AI on career sustainability: The role of employee\u2013AI collaboration and protean career orientation","volume":"146","author":"H Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vocat Behav"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1017\/pds.2024.227","article-title":"Human-AI collaboration by design","volume":"4","author":"B Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Des Soc"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang D, Churchill E, Maes P, Fan X, Shneiderman B, Shi Y, et al. From human\u2013human collaboration to human\u2013AI collaboration: Designing AI systems that can work together with people. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2020. 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3334480.3381822","DOI":"10.1145\/3334480.3381069"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0360722.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2025.2475962","article-title":"Complementarity in human\u2013AI collaboration: Concept, sources, and evidence","volume":"34","author":"P Hemmer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Euro J Inform Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0360722.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.65.2.248","article-title":"Subjective, physiological, and behavioral effects of threat and challenge appraisal","volume":"65","author":"J Tomaka","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psych"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ling X, Lo YT, Wu T, Thoo AC, He T. Leadership in the digital age: leveraging AI-enhanced training for peak performance. In: International Conference on Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Singapore. 2024. 191\u20137.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-96-3949-6_14"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360722.ref057","first-page":"439","article-title":"Research on the impact mechanism of AI literacy on digital innovation","volume":"23","author":"X Fang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chinese J Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0360722.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/13632434.2023.2246856","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and school leadership: Challenges, opportunities and implications","volume":"44","author":"M Fullan","year":"2023","journal-title":"School Leadership & Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360722.ref059","first-page":"349","article-title":"New strategies for pretesting survey questions","volume":"7","author":"L Oksenberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Official Stat"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360722.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM1001_6","article-title":"Revisiting sample size and number of parameter estimates: some support for the N:q hypothesis","volume":"10","author":"DL Jackson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835335","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1835335","article-title":"The psychological mechanism and heterogeneity of art design students\u2019 intention to use AI: An empirical analysis based on an integrated framework","volume":"17","author":"C Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0360722.ref062","unstructured":"Hall A, Childs P. Innovation design engineering: Non-linear progressive education for diverse intakes. In: Engineering and Product Design Education 2009, 2009. 1\u20136."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0360722.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2007.02.005","article-title":"The impact of working memory limitations on the design process during conceptualization","volume":"28","author":"Z Bilda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Design Studies"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0360722.ref064","first-page":"113","article-title":"Is AI assistant ready for the classroom? Research on human\u2013AI collaborative teaching design and practice empowered by GAI in higher education","volume":"46","author":"Y Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"e-Education Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0360722.ref065","first-page":"32","article-title":"The ethical boundary of \u201cdigital for good\u201d: Research on teaching practice and moral discourse of teacher educators applying generative AI","author":"Y Ma","year":"2026","journal-title":"China Adult Education"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0360722","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:24:31Z","timestamp":1792171471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0360722"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Normal University","place":["CHINA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0360722","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]}}}