{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:52:21Z","timestamp":1791913941459,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) continues to pose a serious global health challenge, particularly in low-income and lower-middle-income countries where the disease burden, fragile health systems, and socioeconomic hardships are most pronounced. These conditions not only complicate treatment but also worsen patients\u2019 vulnerability to depression. Although numerous primary studies have investigated the prevalence of depression among individuals with MDR-TB, their findings have been inconsistent. To address this gap, the present study seeks to estimate the pooled prevalence of depression and identify its associated factors among MDR-TB patients in low- and lower-middle-income countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relevant studies were sourced from Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Additionally, the reference lists of selected articles were manually reviewed to identify further eligible publications. A random-effects model was employed to calculate the pooled prevalence of depression among MDR-TB patients in low- and lower-middle-income countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The meta-analysis incorporated 23 primary studies with a combined sample of 5,734 MDR-TB patients. The pooled prevalence of depression among this population was 41.89% (95% CI: 32.63\u201351.15; I\u00b2\u2009=\u200998.51%, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Several factors were significantly linked to depression, including female gender (AOR\u2009=\u20092.00, 95% CI: 1.66\u20132.41), financial hardship (AOR\u2009=\u20092.56, 95% CI: 1.44\u20134.55), presence of comorbidities (AOR\u2009=\u20093.72, 95% CI: 2.11\u20135.38), greater disease severity (AOR\u2009=\u20092.13, 95% CI: 1.42\u20133.12), medication-related side effects (AOR\u2009=\u20092.77, 95% CI: 2.20\u20133.48), and perceived stigma (AOR\u2009=\u20093.58, 95% CI: 2.13\u20136.02).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of depression among MDR-TB patients in low- and lower-middle-income countries was found to be notably high. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing routine depression screening and integrating psychosocial support into patient care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0360738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:23:37Z","timestamp":1791912217000},"page":"e0360738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The dual burden of disease: Depression among patients with multidrug resistance tuberculosis in low-income and lower- middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6616-6239","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Agmas Wasie","family":"Abate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of medicine, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University","place":["Debre Tabor, 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Agegnehu","family":"Teshome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University","place":["Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"],"department":["Department of Biomedical Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wondimnew Desalegn","family":"Addis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University","place":["Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"],"department":["Department of Public Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8565-0920","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Melaku Mekonnen","family":"Agidew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences","place":["Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"],"department":["Department of Medical Biochemistry"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Berihun","family":"Dagnew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health 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