{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:51:52Z","timestamp":1792173112410,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To address the occupational exposure risks caused by instantaneous steam overflow when opening the top cover of hatch-type boiling disinfectors in the central sterile supply department, this study developed an interlocked centrifugal exhaust system (ICES) characterized by operational simplicity and high adaptability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The ICES was assembled using a centrifugal fan, Hall effect switch, instant relay, time-delay relay, solid-state relay, and piping. The system achieved automatic start\/stop of the fan based on the open\u2011or\u2011closed status of the top cover. A self-controlled design was adopted on one hatch-type boiling disinfector. Temperature was measured at the chamber edge (T1) and at the technician\u2019s facial position (T2). Airborne particle counts were also measured at the technician\u2019s facial position. Measurements were performed under conditions with and without the ICES enabled. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n After enabling the ICES, T1 and T2 decreased by 20.89% and 31.31%, respectively. The median temperature at T2 was 21.5 \u00b0C, which was close to the ambient temperature. The reduction ratios for airborne particle counts of six different sizes at the technician\u2019s facial position ranged from 53.09% to 67.83%. All differences between groups were statistically significant (all P\u2009<\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n The ICES effectively reduces steam overflow upon the top-cover opening of hatch-type boiling disinfectors and lowers the risk of occupational injury. With advantages such as wide installation adaptability, imperceptible operation, and convenient maintenance, it provides a stable and reliable solution for the safety retrofitting of existing hatch-type boiling disinfectors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0360909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:23:37Z","timestamp":1792171417000},"page":"e0360909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design and verification of an interlocked centrifugal exhaust system for hatch-type boiling disinfectors"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan GEM Flower Hospital, North Sichuan Medical College","place":["Chengdu, China"],"department":["Central Sterile Supply Department"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Integrative Medicine Hospital","place":["Chengdu, China"],"department":["Human Resources Department"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1116-8921","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","place":["Chengdu, China"],"department":["Central Sterile Supply Department, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0360909.ref001","volume-title":"WS 310.1: Central sterile supply department. Part 1: Management standard","author":"National Health Commission of China","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0360909.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S423108","article-title":"Incidence of Adverse Events in Central Sterile Supply Department: A Single-Center Retrospective Study","volume":"16","author":"H Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360909.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-024-12190-7","article-title":"Situations and demands of central sterile supply department training on nursing interruptions","volume":"25","author":"J Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"pone.0360909.ref004","volume-title":"WS 310.2: Central sterile supply department Part 2: Standard for operating procedure of cleaning, disinfection and sterilization","author":"National Health Commission of China","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0360909.ref005","volume-title":"Decontamination and reprocessing of medical devices for health-care facilities","author":"World Health Organization and Pan American Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0360909.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.12641117","article-title":"Regulatory Considerations for Hemodiafiltration in the United States","volume":"13","author":"Kidney Health Initiative HDF Workgroup","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"pone.0360909.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.01.001","article-title":"Disinfection, sterilization and antisepsis: An overview","volume":"51","author":"WA Rutala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"pone.0360909.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2024.135311","article-title":"Sterilization Effects on Nitric Oxide-Releasing Glucose Sensors","volume":"405","author":"TM Bradshaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0360909.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2021.663","article-title":"Effects of Various Physical and Chemical Disinfection Methods on the Fine Particle Collection Efficiency of N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks","volume":"75","author":"S Iki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360909.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.18063\/ijb.v9i1.645","article-title":"Effect of sterilization processes on alginate\/gelatin inks for three-dimensional printing","volume":"9","author":"T Carranza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Bioprint"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0360909.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298449","article-title":"The use of ultraviolet light generated from light-emitting diodes for the disinfection of transvaginal ultrasound probes","volume":"19","author":"M Yasir","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0360909.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S530153","article-title":"Cleaning, Disinfection, and Functional Tests for Bag Valve Masks in Hospitals Located in 117 Cities in China: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"18","author":"N Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"issue":"38","key":"pone.0360909.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43741","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c11551","article-title":"Highly Permeable Polylactic Acid Membrane Grafted with Quaternary Ammonium Salt for Effective and Durable Water Disinfection","volume":"14","author":"Q Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"pone.0360909.ref014","article-title":"Disinfection efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and glutaraldehyde and their effects on the dimensional stability and surface properties of dental impressions: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Y Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0360909.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-024-04137-7","article-title":"Application of chlorine dioxide and its disinfection mechanism","volume":"206","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0360909.ref016","article-title":"Investigation of the disinfection efficiency of commercial hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, and chlorine disinfectant on different surfaces","volume":"85","author":"C Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0360909.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-025-03855-6","article-title":"Alcohol wipes are the most justifiably sustainable disinfection method for Goldmann tonometry","volume":"39","author":"JW Corbett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0360909.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8458","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01242-07","article-title":"How moist heat kills spores of Bacillus subtilis","volume":"189","author":"WH Coleman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"pone.0360909.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2345\/0899-8205-50.s3.19","article-title":"Moist Heat Disinfection and Revisiting the A 0 Concept","volume":"50","author":"PJ McCormick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Instrum Technol"},{"issue":"08","key":"pone.0360909.ref020","first-page":"1353","article-title":"Investigation on the current situation of high-level disinfection items management for central sterile supply department in hospitals","volume":"40","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chinese Nurs Res"},{"key":"pone.0360909.ref021","volume-title":"ISO 15883-1:2024 Washer-disinfectors Part 1: General requirements, terms and definitions and tests","author":"International Organization for Standardization","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0360909.ref022","volume-title":"ISO 17665:2024 Sterilization of Health Care Products \u2014 Moist Heat \u2014 Requirements for the Development, Validation and Routine Control of a Sterilization Process for Medical Devices","author":"International Organization for Standardization","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0360909.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2018.643","article-title":"Assessing the efficacy and cost of detergents used in a primary care automated washer disinfector","volume":"225","author":"S Winter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0360909.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0326380","article-title":"A test method for selecting suitable cleaning indicators for routine cleaning monitoring on a washer-disinfector in a central sterile supply department","volume":"20","author":"J Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0360909.ref025","volume-title":"YY\/T 1687-2019 disinfector employing hot water","author":"National Medical Products Administration of China","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0360909.ref026","author":"National Medical Products Administration of China","journal-title":"Announcement of the China Food and Drug Administration on Issuing the Medical Device Classification Catalogue (Announcement No. 104 of 2017)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360909.ref027","first-page":"85","article-title":"Thermal disinfection validation: the relationship between A0 and microbial reduction","volume":"55","author":"TA Kremer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Instrum Technol"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0360909.ref028","first-page":"48","article-title":"Effect comparison between two cleaning methods of endoscopic equipment","volume":"32","author":"C Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nurs Sci"},{"issue":"06","key":"pone.0360909.ref029","first-page":"477","article-title":"Analysis on occupational exposure risk factors and protective countermeasures of nurses in central sterile supply department","volume":"42","author":"P Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Shandong Med Coll"},{"issue":"06","key":"pone.0360909.ref030","first-page":"437","article-title":"Analysis of risk factors of occupational exposure in CSSD staff based on propensity score matching","volume":"40","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chinese J Disinfect"},{"issue":"02","key":"pone.0360909.ref031","first-page":"216","article-title":"Analysis of Occupational Exposure and Influencing Factors Among Staff in Central Sterile Supply Department","volume":"32","author":"J Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pract Prevent Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360909.ref032","article-title":"Impact of negative pressure system on microbiological air quality in a Central Sterile Supply Department","volume":"63","author":"AGCDS Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"issue":"04","key":"pone.0360909.ref033","first-page":"78","article-title":"Comparison of antifogging effects of different methods in the use of goggles","volume":"6","author":"Y Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nursing Integr Trad Chinese West Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0360909.ref034","first-page":"110","article-title":"Application of plasma surface treatment technology in anti-fogging of goggles","volume":"12","author":"WC Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Sci"},{"key":"pone.0360909.ref035","volume-title":"Boiling disinfector","author":"XG Huang","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0360909.ref036","volume-title":"A steam-induced medical boiling disinfector","author":"XT Wang","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0360909.ref037","volume-title":"An anti-scald device for a boiling disinfector","author":"ZM Zhou","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0360909.ref038","volume-title":"ISO 14971:2019 Medical devices \u2014 Application of risk management to medical devices","author":"International Organization for Standardization","year":"2019"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0360909.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0331485","article-title":"Self-activating air filtration device for aerosol control during luminal instruments drying in the sterile processing department","volume":"20","author":"W Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0360909.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4574","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124574","article-title":"Automatically Controlled Dust Generation System Using Arduino","volume":"22","author":"D Hofstetter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0360909.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-3042-4","article-title":"High-touch surfaces: microbial neighbours at hand","volume":"36","author":"L Cobrado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0360909.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6456","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b00769","article-title":"Role of the Surface Nanoscale Roughness of Stainless Steel on Bacterial Adhesion and Microcolony Formation","volume":"3","author":"S Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0360909","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:23:45Z","timestamp":1792171425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0360909"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Paulo","family":"Laranjeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johnson & Johnson","place":["UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0360909","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]}}}