{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:53:50Z","timestamp":1792788830583,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["2021R1A6A1A03038899"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A6A1A03038899"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["RS-2024-00351695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00351695"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Korea Health Industry Development Institute","award":["RS-2023-KH135855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-KH135855"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00fdzyk40","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Soonchunhyang University Research Fund","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qjsrb10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["RS-2025-23523847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-23523847"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although microtrauma is considered a potential environmental factor in the development of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), there is a lack of experimental research regarding its precise contribution to disease pathogenesis. To induce physiological microtrauma, the right ankles of SKG mice were immobilized for a week using surgical plaster and a pipette tip to stimulate compensatory mechanical overload in the contralateral limb. Following the removal of the immobilization, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with 3 mg of Curdlan. In this model, the non-immobilized left ankle served as the microtraumatized group, while the immobilized right ankle served as the internal control. Arthritis severity was clinically scored weekly for 5 weeks. At 6 weeks, ankle, hip, and sacroiliac (SI) joint changes were evaluated using histological and micro-CT analyses. The microtraumatized (left) ankles of Curdlan-injected SKG mice exhibited exacerbated arthritis severity, synovitis, and enthesitis compared with the control ankles. Micro-CT analysis revealed a significantly elevated inflamed bone volume in the microtraumatized ankles. Immunohistochemistry showed markedly higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6) in the synovium and enthesis of the microtraumatized ankles. Notably, distant pathological changes, including proteoglycan loss and joint space narrowing, were also observed in the left hip joints. Collectively, these findings indicate that compensatory microtrauma significantly exacerbates joint inflammation and pathological bone destruction in the Curdlan-injected SKG mouse model, highlighting mechanical stress as a critical aggravating factor in AS progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0360912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:31:41Z","timestamp":1792085501000},"page":"e0360912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of microtrauma on joint structural changes in the Curdlan-injected SKG mouse model of ankylosing spondylitis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Seung Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research (HYIRR), Hanyang University","place":["Seoul, South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research (HYIRR), Hanyang University","place":["Seoul, South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanhyeok","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research (HYIRR), Hanyang University","place":["Seoul, South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye-Ryeong","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research (HYIRR), Hanyang University","place":["Seoul, South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeehee","family":"Youn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Hanyang University","place":["Seoul, South Korea"],"department":["Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3034-5029","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sungsin","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University","place":["Asan, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea"],"department":["Department of Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3542-2276","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tae-Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research (HYIRR), Hanyang University","place":["Seoul, South Korea"]},{"name":"Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases","place":["Seoul, South Korea"],"department":["Department of Rheumatology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10473","key":"pone.0360912.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02263-3","article-title":"Axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"405","author":"V Navarro-Comp\u00e1n","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0360912.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221035","article-title":"Axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"80","author":"V Navarro-Comp\u00e1n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"pone.0360912.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-019-0057-8","article-title":"Ankylosing spondylitis: etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments","volume":"7","author":"W Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360912.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001480","article-title":"To move or not to move: the paradoxical effect of physical exercise in axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"7","author":"FM Perrotta","year":"2021","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"pone.0360912.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748063","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.748063","article-title":"The Potential Role of Genetics, Environmental Factors, and Gut Dysbiosis in the Aberrant Non-Coding RNA Expression to Mediate Inflammation and Osteoclastogenic\/Osteogenic Differentiation in Ankylosing Spondylitis","volume":"9","author":"H-T Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0360912.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2015.08.004","article-title":"Temporomandibular Joint Disorders and Orofacial Pain","volume":"60","author":"M Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0360912.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9030212","article-title":"Have we looked in the wrong direction for more than 100 years? 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