{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T17:41:04Z","timestamp":1792777264326,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study translated, culturally adapted, and evaluated the First Aid Willingness Questionnaire for Schoolchildren to assess adolescents\u2019 self-reported readiness to help and potential barriers to first-aid provision.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional psychometric study included 470 high school students in Aksaray, T\u00fcrkiye. The questionnaire underwent forward\u2013backward translation, review by 12 experts, and pilot testing with 35 students. Exploratory factor analysis derived the structure, which was subsequently evaluated via ordinal confirmatory factor analysis in the same sample. Content and construct validity, internal consistency, and measurement invariance across gender, grade level, and perceived family income were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All item-level content validity ratios exceeded 0.83; the scale-level content validity index was 0.90. Removing two items yielded a 16-item, three-factor structure: First Aid Willingness, Negative Emotions, and Perceived Knowledge. The model showed acceptable fit: scaled \u03c7\u00b2(101) = 288.09, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; comparative fit index\u2009=\u20090.95; Tucker\u2013Lewis index\u2009=\u20090.94; root mean square error of approximation\u2009=\u20090.06, 90% confidence interval [0.05, 0.07]; standardized root mean square residual\u2009=\u20090.06. Composite reliability ranged from 0.79 to 0.90. Average variance extracted ranged from 0.49 to 0.59, with borderline convergent validity for Negative Emotions. Discriminant validity was supported. Cronbach\u2019s alpha ranged from 0.72 to 0.87, and McDonald\u2019s omega from 0.74 to 0.87. Configural, threshold, metric, and scalar invariance were supported across all grouping variables. Strict invariance was supported across grade level and perceived family income, but not gender.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results provide preliminary evidence for the Turkish questionnaire\u2019s psychometric properties and support subscale interpretation and latent mean comparisons within the study sample. Independent replication and evaluation of temporal stability, responsiveness, and external validity are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0361329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T17:26:12Z","timestamp":1792776372000},"page":"e0361329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-cultural adaptation, validation, and measurement invariance of the First Aid Willingness Questionnaire (FAWQ) among Turkish adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Harun","family":"\u00d6zbey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Erciyes University","place":["Kayseri, T\u00fcrkiye"],"department":["Department of Child Health and Diseases Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6zlem","family":"\u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Erciyes University","place":["Kayseri, T\u00fcrkiye"],"department":["Department of Child Health and Diseases Nursing"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meral","family":"Bayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erciyes University","place":["Kayseri, T\u00fcrkiye"],"department":["Department of Child Health and Diseases Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultan","family":"Be\u015fikta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Erciyes University","place":["Kayseri, T\u00fcrkiye"],"department":["Department of Child Health and Diseases Nursing"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1166-9207","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aklilu Abrham","family":"Roba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Erciyes University","place":["Kayseri, T\u00fcrkiye"],"department":["Department of Child Health and Diseases Nursing"]},{"name":"Haramaya University","place":["Dire Dawa, Ethiopia"],"department":["College of Health and Medical Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0361329.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286250","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1286250","article-title":"Public first aid education model design study based on user experience","volume":"11","author":"J Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0361329.ref002","unstructured":"International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. 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