{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:44:59Z","timestamp":1790297099470,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,26]],"date-time":"2009-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1256515200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,26]],"date-time":"2009-10-26T11:19:23Z","timestamp":1256555963000},"page":"e1000544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Helicobacter pylori's Unconventional Role in Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Marion S.","family":"Dorer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Talarico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina R.","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91816-6","article-title":"Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration.","volume":"1","author":"BJ Marshall","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199110173251604","article-title":"<italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> infection and gastric carcinoma among japanese americans in Hawaii.","volume":"325","author":"A Nomura","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199110173251603","article-title":"<italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma.","volume":"325","author":"J Parsonnet","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199405053301803","article-title":"<italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> infection and gastric lymphoma.","volume":"330","author":"J Parsonnet","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00054-05","article-title":"Pathogenesis of <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> infection.","volume":"19","author":"JG Kusters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Fact sheet No. 297, Cancer.","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc703","article-title":"<italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> and gastrointestinal tract adenocarcinomas.","volume":"2","author":"RM Peek Jr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.132662","article-title":"Relationship between <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> infection and gastric atrophy and the stages of the oesophageal inflammation, metaplasia, adenocarcinoma sequence: Results from the FINBAR case-control study.","volume":"57","author":"LA Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.11.009","article-title":"Host-bacterial interactions in <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> infection.","volume":"134","author":"MR Amieva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v112.agast972108","article-title":"Are there three types of <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> gastritis?","volume":"112","author":"CE Rubin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02592984","article-title":"<italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> infection enhances mucosal interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and the soluble receptor of interleukin-2.","volume":"26","author":"D Basso","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Clin Lab Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.6.743","article-title":"The importance of interleukin 1beta in <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> associated disease.","volume":"48","author":"EM El-Omar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/35006081","article-title":"Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer.","volume":"404","author":"EM El-Omar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.22.1680","article-title":"<italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> and interleukin 1 genotyping: an opportunity to identify high-risk individuals for gastric carcinoma.","volume":"94","author":"C Figueiredo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"205","article-title":"Genomotyping of <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> and its host: microarray-based insights on gene variation, expression and function.","author":"O Humbert","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.152","article-title":"Genetic variation in PSCA is associated with susceptibility to diffuse-type gastric cancer.","volume":"40","author":"H Sakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.592","article-title":"Oncogenesis by retroviruses: Old and new paradigms.","volume":"18","author":"N Maeda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.12.006","article-title":"Small DNA tumor viruses: Large contributors to biomedical sciences.","volume":"384","author":"PM Howley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14559","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.25.14559","article-title":"Altered states: Involvement of phosphorylated CagA in the induction of host cellular growth changes by <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic>.","volume":"96","author":"ED Segal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.3.1263","article-title":"Tyrosine phosphorylation of the <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> CagA antigen after cag-driven host cell translocation.","volume":"97","author":"M Stein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00541.x","article-title":"<italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic>-host cell interactions mediated by type IV secretion.","volume":"7","author":"KM Bourzac","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21831","article-title":"<italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> CagA \u2014 A bacterial intruder conspiring gastric carcinogenesis.","volume":"119","author":"M Hatakeyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711183105","article-title":"Transgenic expression of <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> CagA induces gastrointestinal and hematopoietic neoplasms in mouse.","volume":"105","author":"N Ohnishi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1131","article-title":"Nod1 responds to peptidoglycan delivered by the <italic>Helicobacter pylori cag<\/italic> pathogenicity island.","volume":"5","author":"J Viala","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2006.0215","article-title":"Does HIV infection alter the incidence or pathology of <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> infection?","volume":"21","author":"F Romanelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/41483","article-title":"The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> [published erratum appears in Nature 1997 Sep 25;389(6649):412].","volume":"388","author":"JF Tomb","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/16495","article-title":"Genomic-sequence comparison of two unrelated isolates of the human gastric pathogen <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic>.","volume":"397","author":"RA Alm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06336.x","article-title":"<italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> AddAB helicase-nuclease and RecA promote recombination-related DNA repair and survival during stomach colonization.","volume":"69","author":"SK Amundsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0010043","article-title":"Gain and loss of multiple genes during the evolution of <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic>.","volume":"1","author":"H Gressmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14668","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.26.14668","article-title":"A whole-genome microarray reveals genetic diversity among <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> strains.","volume":"97","author":"N Salama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7926","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.23.7926-7935.2004","article-title":"Global transposon mutagenesis and essential gene analysis of <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic>.","volume":"186","author":"NR Salama","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01176-06","article-title":"Identification of <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> genes that contribute to stomach colonization.","volume":"75","author":"DN Baldwin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021531","article-title":"Identification and characterization of <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> genes essential for gastric colonization.","volume":"197","author":"H Kavermann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(00)00225-4","article-title":"Synergistic interaction between <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> gastritis and diet in gastric cancer.","volume":"2","author":"N Yamaguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.53.082901.104053","article-title":"Viral persistance: HIV&apos;s strategies of immune system evasion.","volume":"53","author":"WE Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14625","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251551698","article-title":"<italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> genetic diversity within the gastric niche of a single human host.","volume":"98","author":"DA Israel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01696-06","article-title":"Genetic analysis of <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> strain populations colonizing the stomach at different times postinfection.","volume":"189","author":"NR Salama","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12619","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12619","article-title":"Free recombination within <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic>.","volume":"95","author":"S Suerbaum","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6893","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn718","article-title":"The <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> HpyAXII restriction-modification system limits exogenous DNA uptake by targeting GTAC sites but shows asymmetric conservation of the DNA methyltransferase and restriction endonuclease components.","volume":"36","author":"O Humbert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26993-0","article-title":"The diversity within an expanded and redefined repertoire of phase-variable genes in <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic>.","volume":"150","author":"L Salaun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011066308591","article-title":"The chemistry and immunochemistry of blood group A, B, H, and Lewis antigens: Past, present and future.","volume":"17","author":"KO Lloyd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Glycoconj J"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16923","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404817101","article-title":"Metastability of <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> bab adhesin genes and dynamics in Lewis b antigen binding.","volume":"101","author":"A Backstrom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v113.pm9322503","article-title":"<italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> Lewis expression is related to the host Lewis phenotype.","volume":"113","author":"HP Wirth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506655103","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach.","volume":"103","author":"EM Bik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2836","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002836","article-title":"Comparative analysis of human gut microbiota by barcoded pyrosequencing.","volume":"3","author":"AF Andersson","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.072009","article-title":"Long term follow up of patients treated for <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> infection.","volume":"54","author":"R Mera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1086\/597066","article-title":"Evidence against <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> being related to childhood asthma.","volume":"199","author":"SM Raj","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1086\/590158","article-title":"<italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> colonization is inversely associated with childhood asthma.","volume":"198","author":"Y Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01393.x","article-title":"American College of Gastroenterology guideline on the management of <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> infection.","volume":"102","author":"WD Chey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.101634","article-title":"Current concepts in the management of <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> infection: The Maastricht III Consensus Report.","volume":"56","author":"P Malfertheiner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/325031a0","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution.","volume":"325","author":"RL Cann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4746","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306629101","article-title":"Distinguishing human ethnic groups by means of sequences from <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic>: Lessons from Ladakh.","volume":"101","author":"T Wirth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01382.x","article-title":"Recombination and clonal groupings within <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> from different geographical regions.","volume":"32","author":"M Achtman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000180","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000180","article-title":"Horizontal versus familial transmission of <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic>.","volume":"4","author":"S Schwarz","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1080857","article-title":"Traces of human migrations in <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> populations.","volume":"299","author":"D Falush","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1166083","article-title":"The peopling of the Pacific from a bacterial perspective.","volume":"323","author":"Y Moodley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["PLoS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000544","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]],"date-time":"2018-10-20T11:11:47Z","timestamp":1540033907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000544"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Marianne","family":"Manchester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,26]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000544","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,26]]}}}