{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:46:49Z","timestamp":1791215209135,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,19]],"date-time":"2011-05-19T20:54:08Z","timestamp":1305838448000},"page":"e1002038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Inhibition of Both HIV-1 Reverse Transcription and Gene Expression by a Cyclic Peptide that Binds the Tat-Transactivating Response Element (TAR) RNA"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Lalonde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Lobritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Ratcliff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mastooreh","family":"Chamanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zafiria","family":"Athanassiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mudit","family":"Tyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Karn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Varani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Arts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60676-9","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy and management of HIV infection.","volume":"376","author":"PA Volberding","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1165706","article-title":"The challenge of finding a cure for HIV infection.","volume":"323","author":"DD Richman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.07.006","article-title":"Molecular basis of human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance: an update.","volume":"85","author":"L Menendez-Arias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq096","article-title":"Unmet therapeutic needs in the new era of combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1.","volume":"65","author":"B Taiwo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.3060","article-title":"Tackling Tat.","volume":"293","author":"J Karn","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2006.06.014","article-title":"Controlling the elongation phase of transcription with P-TEFb.","volume":"23","author":"BM Peterlin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80939-3","article-title":"A novel CDK9-associated C-type cyclin interacts directly with HIV-1 Tat and mediates its high-affinity, loop-specific binding to TAR RNA.","volume":"92","author":"P Wei","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4622","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.13.4622-4637.2002","article-title":"Phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II carboxyl-terminal domain by CDK9 is directly responsible for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-activated transcriptional elongation.","volume":"22","author":"YK Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.69.4.2640-2643.1995","article-title":"The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat antagonist, Ro 5-3335, predominantly inhibits transcription initiation from the viral promoter.","volume":"69","author":"LA Cupelli","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39092","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301749200","article-title":"Discovery of a small molecule Tat-trans-activation-responsive RNA antagonist that potently inhibits human immunodeficiency virus-1 replication.","volume":"278","author":"S Hwang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.24.2.787-795.2004","article-title":"Dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus transcription: P-TEFb phosphorylates RD and dissociates negative effectors from the transactivation response element.","volume":"24","author":"K Fujinaga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09131","article-title":"Crystal structure of HIV-1 Tat complexed with human P-TEFb.","volume":"465","author":"TH Tahirov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e328340ffbb","article-title":"The molecular biology of HIV latency: breaking and restoring the Tat-dependent transcriptional circuit.","volume":"6","author":"J Karn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2003.12.046","article-title":"Rational design of inhibitors of HIV-1 TAR RNA through the stabilisation of electrostatic \u201chot spots\u201d.","volume":"336","author":"B Davis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2003.12.028","article-title":"Structure-based drug design targeting an inactive RNA conformation: exploiting the flexibility of HIV-1 TAR RNA.","volume":"336","author":"AI Murchie","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5086","DOI":"10.1021\/bi972947s","article-title":"A new class of HIV-1 Tat antagonist acting through Tat-TAR inhibition.","volume":"37","author":"F Hamy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3548","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.8.3548","article-title":"An inhibitor of the Tat\/TAR RNA interaction that effectively suppresses HIV-1 replication.","volume":"94","author":"F Hamy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.5.2825-2831.1996","article-title":"Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity of an oligocationic compound mediated via gp120 V3 interactions.","volume":"70","author":"WA O'Brien","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1763331","article-title":"Inhibition of HIV replication in acute and chronic infections in vitro by a Tat antagonist.","volume":"254","author":"MC Hsu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5172","DOI":"10.1021\/bi982638h","article-title":"Controlling human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gene expression by unnatural peptides.","volume":"38","author":"I Huq","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2005.06.077","article-title":"Design and synthesis of a novel peptidomimetic inhibitor of HIV-1 Tat-TAR interactions: squaryldiamide as a new potential bioisostere of unsubstituted guanidine.","volume":"15","author":"CW Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.8.1395","article-title":"A small-molecule inhibitor directed against the chemokine receptor CXCR4 prevents its use as an HIV-1 coreceptor.","volume":"186","author":"BJ Doranz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(24)26449-X","article-title":"A second target for the peptoid Tat\/transactivation response element inhibitor CGP64222: inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication by blocking CXC-chemokine receptor 4-mediated virus entry.","volume":"57","author":"D Daelemans","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6906","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0497680","article-title":"Structural mimicry of retroviral tat proteins by constrained beta-hairpin peptidomimetics: ligands with high affinity and selectivity for viral TAR RNA regulatory elements.","volume":"126","author":"Z Athanassiou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0619371","article-title":"Structure-guided peptidomimetic design leads to nanomolar beta-hairpin inhibitors of the Tat-TAR interaction of bovine immunodeficiency virus.","volume":"46","author":"Z Athanassiou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11931","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900629106","article-title":"Simultaneous recognition of HIV-1 TAR RNA bulge and loop sequences by cyclic peptide mimics of Tat protein.","volume":"106","author":"A Davidson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12362","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0510532","article-title":"TAR RNA recognition by a cyclic peptidomimetic of Tat protein.","volume":"44","author":"TC Leeper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5239.1200","article-title":"Solution structure of a bovine immunodeficiency virus Tat-TAR peptide-RNA complex.","volume":"270","author":"JD Puglisi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-5521(95)90089-6","article-title":"Molecular recognition in the bovine immunodeficiency virus Tat peptide-TAR RNA complex.","volume":"2","author":"X Ye","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chem Biol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5067","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00055-09","article-title":"Selection of a simian-human immunodeficiency virus strain resistant to a vaginal microbicide in macaques.","volume":"83","author":"DM Dudley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10537","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.21.10537","article-title":"A synthetic peptide inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus replication: correlation between solution structure and viral inhibition.","volume":"89","author":"C Wild","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209548200","article-title":"Cell-penetrating peptides. A reevaluation of the mechanism of cellular uptake.","volume":"278","author":"JP Richard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07697.x","article-title":"Endocytosis and targeting of exogenous HIV-1 Tat protein.","volume":"10","author":"DA Mann","year":"1991","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0491604","article-title":"The cationic cell-penetrating peptide CPP(TAT) derived from the HIV-1 protein TAT is rapidly transported into living fibroblasts: optical, biophysical, and metabolic evidence.","volume":"44","author":"A Ziegler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1021\/cb600127m","article-title":"Direct and rapid cytosolic delivery using cell-penetrating peptides mediated by pyrenebutyrate.","volume":"1","author":"T Takeuchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"ACS Chem Biol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.4.570-594.2001","article-title":"Transport into and out of the nucleus.","volume":"65","author":"IG Macara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7388","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq653","article-title":"Characterization and prediction of protein nucleolar localization sequences.","volume":"38","author":"MS Scott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1594","article-title":"Is HIV-1 evolving to a less virulent form in humans?","volume":"5","author":"KK Arien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.4.1079-1093.2002","article-title":"Spt5 cooperates with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat by preventing premature RNA release at terminator sequences.","volume":"22","author":"CF Bourgeois","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6184","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.13.6184","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transactivator protein, tat, stimulates transcriptional read-through of distal terminator sequences in vitro.","volume":"90","author":"MA Graeble","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.04.004","article-title":"Use of a novel assay based on intact recombinant viruses expressing green (EGFP) or red (DsRed2) fluorescent proteins to examine the contribution of pol and env genes to overall HIV-1 replicative fitness.","volume":"136","author":"J Weber","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000377","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000377","article-title":"Elite suppressor-derived HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins exhibit reduced entry efficiency and kinetics.","volume":"5","author":"KG Lassen","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.11.20.2633","article-title":"P-TEFb kinase is required for HIV Tat transcriptional activation in vivo and in vitro.","volume":"11","author":"HS Mancebo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8524","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.18.8524-8537.2001","article-title":"Activation of human immunodeficiency virus transcription in T cells revisited: NF-kappaB p65 stimulates transcriptional elongation.","volume":"75","author":"MJ West","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.2144\/000113119","article-title":"A novel yeast-based recombination method to clone and propagate diverse HIV-1 isolates.","volume":"46","author":"DM Dudley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/331076a0","article-title":"HIV infection is blocked in vitro by recombinant soluble CD4.","volume":"331","author":"RA Fisher","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.11.004","article-title":"HIV-1 clones resistant to a small molecule CCR5 inhibitor use the inhibitor-bound form of CCR5 for entry.","volume":"361","author":"P Pugach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.10.005","article-title":"In search of a selective therapy of viral infections.","volume":"85","author":"E de Clercq","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14672","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)36678-4","article-title":"Comparison of deoxyoligonucleotide and tRNA(Lys-3) as primers in an endogenous human immunodeficiency virus-1 in vitro reverse transcription\/template-switching reaction.","volume":"269","author":"EJ Arts","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.200400376","article-title":"New inhibitors of the Tat-TAR RNA interaction found with a \u201cfuzzy\u201d pharmacophore model.","volume":"6","author":"S Renner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2005.01.068","article-title":"Synthesis and assay of isoquinoline derivatives as HIV-1 Tat-TAR interaction inhibitors.","volume":"15","author":"M He","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14204","DOI":"10.1021\/bi981308u","article-title":"Inhibitors of protein-RNA complexation that target the RNA: specific recognition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAR RNA by small organic molecules.","volume":"37","author":"HY Mei","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(97)01155-9","article-title":"A good antisense molecule is hard to find.","volume":"23","author":"AD Branch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00896","article-title":"Modulation of HIV-1 replication by RNA interference.","volume":"418","author":"JM Jacque","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(00)00709-5","article-title":"Targeting RNA with peptidomimetic oligomers in human cells.","volume":"11","author":"N Tamilarasu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antiherpetic activities of N-alpha-acetyl-nona-D-arginine amide acetate.","volume":"21","author":"M Sumner-Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drugs Exp Clin Res"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.2174\/157016207781662443","article-title":"The HIV-1 Tat protein stimulates reverse transcription in vitro.","volume":"5","author":"A Apolloni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/16.6.1224","article-title":"Tat is required for efficient HIV-1 reverse transcription.","volume":"16","author":"D Harrich","year":"1997","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.6.4017-4027.1996","article-title":"A critical role for the TAR element in promoting efficient human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcription.","volume":"70","author":"D Harrich","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2010.05.033","article-title":"The mechanism of HIV-1 Tat-directed nucleic acid annealing supports its role in reverse transcription.","volume":"400","author":"C Boudier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12651","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700350104","article-title":"Probing nucleation, reverse annealing, and chaperone function along the reaction path of HIV-1 single-strand transfer.","volume":"104","author":"Y Zeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355838201002035","article-title":"Structural features in the HIV-1 repeat region facilitate strand transfer during reverse transcription.","volume":"7","author":"B Berkhout","year":"2001","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8785","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.8785-8792.2000","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein can prevent self-priming of minus-strand strong stop DNA by promoting the annealing of short oligonucleotides to hairpin sequences.","volume":"74","author":"MD Driscoll","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5178","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.7.5178-5188.1997","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein promotes efficient strand transfer and specific viral DNA synthesis by inhibiting TAR-dependent self-priming from minus-strand strong-stop DNA.","volume":"71","author":"J Guo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.4.1038","article-title":"Structural basis for the specificity of the initiation of HIV-1 reverse transcription.","volume":"18","author":"C Isel","year":"1999","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1993.1041","article-title":"Functional sites in the 5\u2032 region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA form defined structural domains.","volume":"229","author":"F Baudin","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1021\/jm070014g","article-title":"Structure-guided optimization of small molecules inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus 1 Tat association with the human coactivator p300\/CREB binding protein-associated factor.","volume":"50","author":"C Pan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44154","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M401646200","article-title":"Alteration of nucleic acid structure and stability modulates the efficiency of minus-strand transfer mediated by the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein.","volume":"279","author":"SL Heilman-Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7769","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007769","article-title":"Potent inhibition of HIV-1 replication by a Tat mutant.","volume":"4","author":"LW Meredith","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7742","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00392-07","article-title":"The TAR hairpin of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 can be deleted when not required for Tat-mediated activation of transcription.","volume":"81","author":"AT Das","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1993.1128","article-title":"High affinity binding of TAR RNA by the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 tat protein requires base-pairs in the RNA stem and amino acid residues flanking the basic region.","volume":"230","author":"MJ Churcher","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5260","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/16.17.5260","article-title":"Transfer of Tat and release of TAR RNA during the activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 transcription elongation complex.","volume":"16","author":"NJ Keen","year":"1997","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.59.2.284-291.1986","article-title":"Production of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated retrovirus in human and nonhuman cells transfected with an infectious molecular clone.","volume":"59","author":"A Adachi","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8624","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.18.8624-8638.2001","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in stimulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by aminooxypentane RANTES.","volume":"75","author":"AJ Marozsan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7787","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.19.7787","article-title":"Steroid-receptor fusion of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev transactivator: mapping cryptic functions of the arginine-rich motif.","volume":"87","author":"TJ Hope","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5270","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.64.11.5270-5276.1990","article-title":"Construction and use of a human immunodeficiency virus vector for analysis of virus infectivity.","volume":"64","author":"KA Page","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4868","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.10.4868-4876.2000","article-title":"Variable sensitivity of CCR5-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates to inhibition by RANTES analogs.","volume":"74","author":"VS Torre","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10063","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.19.10063","article-title":"Initiation of (-) strand DNA synthesis from tRNA(3Lys) on lentiviral RNAs: implications of specific HIV-1 RNA-tRNA(3Lys) interactions inhibiting primer utilization by retroviral reverse transcriptases.","volume":"93","author":"EJ Arts","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["PLoS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002038","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T17:46:50Z","timestamp":1741196810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002038"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Hope","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,19]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002038","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,19]]}}}