{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:37:50Z","timestamp":1792798670508,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,10]],"date-time":"2012-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1336608000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,10]],"date-time":"2012-05-10T17:11:15Z","timestamp":1336669875000},"page":"e1002698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["2\u2032-O Methylation of the Viral mRNA Cap by West Nile Virus Evades Ifit1-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms of Host Restriction In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kristy J.","family":"Szretter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian P.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyelim","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria D.","family":"Gainey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne M.","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert W.","family":"Virgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn S.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganes C.","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Diamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2010.11.003","article-title":"New developments in the induction and antiviral effectors of type I interferon.","volume":"23","author":"SY Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2009.12.003","article-title":"Recognition of viruses by cytoplasmic sensors.","volume":"22","author":"C Wilkins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09907","article-title":"A diverse range of gene products are effectors of the type I interferon antiviral response.","volume":"472","author":"JW Schoggins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2010.0101","article-title":"The ISG56\/IFIT1 Gene Family.","volume":"31","author":"V Fensterl","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13985","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.25.13985","article-title":"Use of differential display analysis to assess the effect of human cytomegalovirus infection on the accumulation of cellular RNAs: induction of interferon-responsive RNAs.","volume":"94","author":"H Zhu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030106","article-title":"Cell-specific IRF-3 responses protect against West Nile virus infection by interferon-dependent and independent mechanisms.","volume":"3","author":"S Daffis","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01167-06","article-title":"Coordinated regulation and widespread cellular expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) ISG-49, ISG-54, and ISG-56 in the central nervous system after infection with distinct viruses.","volume":"81","author":"C Wacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.0135","article-title":"Induction of the human protein P56 by interferon, double-stranded RNA, or virus infection.","volume":"267","author":"J Guo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.4.1892-1899.2000","article-title":"Characterization of the interaction between the interferon-induced protein P56 and the Int6 protein encoded by a locus of insertion of the mouse mammary tumor virus.","volume":"74","author":"J Guo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39477","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M305038200","article-title":"Viral stress-inducible protein p56 inhibits translation by blocking the interaction of eIF3 with the ternary complex eIF2.GTP.Met-tRNAi.","volume":"278","author":"DJ Hui","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M406700200","article-title":"Mouse p56 blocks a distinct function of eukaryotic initiation factor 3 in translation initiation.","volume":"280","author":"DJ Hui","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34064","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M605771200","article-title":"Distinct induction patterns and functions of two closely related interferon-inducible human genes, ISG54 and ISG56.","volume":"281","author":"F Terenzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11045","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01593-08","article-title":"Novel characteristics of the function and induction of murine p56 family proteins.","volume":"82","author":"V Fensterl","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09489","article-title":"2\u2032-O methylation of the viral mRNA cap evades host restriction by IFIT family members.","volume":"468","author":"S Daffis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1979","article-title":"Ribose 2\u2032-O-methylation provides a molecular signature for the distinction of self and non-self mRNA dependent on the RNA sensor Mda5.","volume":"12","author":"R Zust","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2048","article-title":"IFIT1 is an antiviral protein that recognizes 5\u2032-triphosphate RNA.","volume":"12","author":"A Pichlmair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2008.241","article-title":"Interferon-inducible protein, P56, inhibits HPV DNA replication by binding to the viral protein E1.","volume":"27","author":"F Terenzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Embo J"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.5.2689-2699.2005","article-title":"Regulating intracellular antiviral defense and permissiveness to hepatitis C virus RNA replication through a cellular RNA helicase, RIG-I.","volume":"79","author":"R Sumpter Jr","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11246","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01282-07","article-title":"Identification and characterization of interferon-induced proteins that inhibit alphavirus replication.","volume":"81","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3898","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.7.3898-3912.2003","article-title":"Alpha interferon induces distinct translational control programs to suppress hepatitis C virus RNA replication.","volume":"77","author":"C Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2008.07.004","article-title":"West Nile virus in the Americas.","volume":"92","author":"LR Petersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17140","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705837104","article-title":"Axonal transport mediates West Nile virus entry into the central nervous system and induces acute flaccid paralysis.","volume":"104","author":"MA Samuel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.11.047","article-title":"West Nile virus infection modulates human brain microvascular endothelial cells tight junction proteins and cell adhesion molecules: Transmigration across the in vitro blood-brain barrier.","volume":"385","author":"S Verma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.10.036","article-title":"Reversal of West Nile virus-induced blood-brain barrier disruption and tight junction proteins degradation by matrix metalloproteinases inhibitor.","volume":"397","author":"S Verma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8978","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00314-08","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase 9 facilitates West Nile virus entry into the brain.","volume":"82","author":"P Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1140","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 3 mediates West Nile virus entry into the brain causing lethal encephalitis.","volume":"10","author":"T Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01718310","article-title":"West Nile virus neuroinvasion and encephalitis induced by macrophage depletion in mice.","volume":"141","author":"D Ben-Nathan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1086\/657416","article-title":"A paradoxical role for neutrophils in the pathogenesis of West Nile virus.","volume":"202","author":"F Bai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02704-06","article-title":"Structure and function of flavivirus NS5 methyltransferase.","volume":"81","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7009","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00489-06","article-title":"PKR and RNAse L contribute to protection against lethal West Nile virus infection by controlling early viral spread in the periphery and replication in neurons.","volume":"80","author":"MA Samuel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115557","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05519-11","article-title":"The interferon-inducible gene viperin restricts West Nile virus pathogenesis","volume":"85","author":"KJ Szretter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13350","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.21.13350-13361.2005","article-title":"Type I IFN protects against lethal West Nile Virus infection by restricting cellular tropism and enhancing neuronal survival.","volume":"79","author":"MA Samuel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7186","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00396-11","article-title":"Interferon-{beta} controls West Nile virus infection and pathogenesis in mice.","volume":"85","author":"HM Lazear","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8465","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00918-08","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor IRF-7 induces the antiviral alpha interferon response and protects against lethal West Nile virus infection.","volume":"82","author":"S Daffis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000757","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000757","article-title":"IPS-1 is essential for the control of West Nile virus infection and immunity.","volume":"6","author":"MS Suthar","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737192","article-title":"Antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes protect against lethal West Nile virus encephalitis.","volume":"37","author":"WE Purtha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5239","DOI":"10.2741\/3595","article-title":"Virus-induced neuronal dysfunction and degeneration.","volume":"14","author":"SH Berth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02311-06","article-title":"Caspase-3 dependent cell death of neurons contributes to the pathogenesis of West Nile virus encephalitis.","volume":"81","author":"MA Samuel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480230915","article-title":"Excitotoxic cell death.","volume":"23","author":"DW Choi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13323","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.24.13323-13334.2003","article-title":"CD8+ T cells mediate recovery and immunopathology in West Nile virus encephalitis.","volume":"77","author":"Y Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5532","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.11.5532-5539.2002","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of interferon regulatory factor 3 target genes: direct involvement in the regulation of interferon-stimulated genes.","volume":"76","author":"N Grandvaux","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15623","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.26.15623","article-title":"Identification of genes differentially regulated by interferon alpha, beta, or gamma using oligonucleotide arrays.","volume":"95","author":"SD Der","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7737","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.14.7737-7747.2004","article-title":"The host response to West Nile virus infection limits spread through the activation of the interferon regulatory factor 3 pathway.","volume":"78","author":"BL Fredericksen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.10.007","article-title":"A highly structured, nuclease-resistant, noncoding RNA produced by flaviviruses is required for pathogenicity.","volume":"4","author":"GP Pijlman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11407","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01159-10","article-title":"RNA structures required for production of subgenomic flavivirus RNA.","volume":"84","author":"A Funk","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8332","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02199-09","article-title":"Identification of five interferon-induced cellular proteins that inhibit west nile virus and dengue virus infections.","volume":"84","author":"D Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7945","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900818106","article-title":"ISG56 is a negative-feedback regulator of virus-triggered signaling and cellular antiviral response.","volume":"106","author":"Y Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11457","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.17.11457-11466.2005","article-title":"Neuronal CXCL10 directs CD8+ T cell recruitment and control of West Nile virus encephalitis.","volume":"79","author":"RS Klein","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.4.2641","article-title":"CXCR3 mediates region-specific antiviral T cell trafficking within the central nervous system during West Nile virus encephalitis.","volume":"180","author":"B Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7257","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.207068","article-title":"The interferon stimulated gene 54 promotes apoptosis.","volume":"286","author":"M Stawowczyk","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8312","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.15.8312-8321.2004","article-title":"The role of CD8+ T cells in the control of West Nile virus infection.","volume":"78","author":"B Shrestha","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.1.119-129.2006","article-title":"CD8+ T cells require perforin to clear West Nile virus from infected neurons.","volume":"80","author":"B Shrestha","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737196","article-title":"Protective capacity and epitope specificity of CD8(+) T cells responding to lethal West Nile virus infection.","volume":"37","author":"JD Brien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6494","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00286-09","article-title":"Human Monoclonal Antibodies Induced by Natural Infection Against West Nile Virus Neutralize at a Post-Attachment Step.","volume":"83","author":"MR Vogt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.4.2578-2586.2003","article-title":"B cells and antibody play critical roles in the immediate defense of disseminated infection by West Nile encephalitis virus.","volume":"77","author":"MS Diamond","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.01.003","article-title":"The lectin pathway of complement activation contributes to protection from West Nile virus infection.","volume":"412","author":"A Fuchs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12125","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01026-10","article-title":"The innate immune adaptor molecule MyD88 restricts West Nile replication and spread in neurons of the central nervous system.","volume":"84","author":"KJ Szretter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000607","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000607","article-title":"Induction of IFN-beta and the innate antiviral response in myeloid cells occurs through an IPS-1-dependent signal that does not require IRF-3 and IRF-7.","volume":"5","author":"S Daffis","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.03020.x","article-title":"Puromycin-based purification of rat brain capillary endothelial cell cultures. Effect on the expression of blood-brain barrier-specific properties.","volume":"93","author":"N Perriere","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102010","article-title":"CXCR7 influences leukocyte entry into the CNS parenchyma by controlling abluminal CXCL12 abundance during autoimmunity.","volume":"208","author":"L Cruz-Orengo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9329","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00836-09","article-title":"The immune adaptor molecule SARM modulates tumor necrosis factor alpha production and microglia activation in the brainstem and restricts West Nile Virus pathogenesis.","volume":"83","author":"KJ Szretter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13203","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.24.13203-13213.2003","article-title":"Infection and injury of neurons by West Nile Encephalitis virus.","volume":"77","author":"B Shrestha","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"}],"container-title":["PLoS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002698","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T07:51:56Z","timestamp":1589010716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002698"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michaela Ulrike","family":"Gack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,10]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002698","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,10]]}}}