{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:03:01Z","timestamp":1791352981392,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,20]],"date-time":"2013-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371686400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,16]],"date-time":"2013-07-16T19:48:44Z","timestamp":1374004124000},"page":"e1003452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":227,"title":["Direct Proteolytic Cleavage of NLRP1B Is Necessary and Sufficient for Inflammasome Activation by Anthrax Lethal Factor"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Chavarr\u00eda-Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell E.","family":"Vance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation","volume":"140","author":"O Takeuchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1989.054.01.003","article-title":"Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology","volume":"54 Pt 1","author":"CA Janeway Jr","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.06.007","article-title":"Patterns of pathogenesis: discrimination of pathogenic and nonpathogenic microbes by the innate immune system","volume":"6","author":"RE Vance","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001289","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001289","article-title":"Secreted bacterial effectors that inhibit host protein synthesis are critical for induction of the innate immune response to virulent Legionella pneumophila","volume":"7","author":"MF Fontana","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000220","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000220","article-title":"Type IV secretion-dependent activation of host MAP kinases induces an increased proinflammatory cytokine response to Legionella pneumophila","volume":"4","author":"S Shin","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.08.015","article-title":"Pathogen-derived effectors trigger protective immunity via activation of the Rac2 enzyme and the IMD or Rip kinase signaling pathway","volume":"35","author":"L Boyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12025","article-title":"Manipulation of small Rho GTPases is a pathogen-induced process detected by NOD1","volume":"496","author":"AM Keestra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5364.734","article-title":"Proteolytic inactivation of MAP-kinase-kinase by anthrax lethal factor","volume":"280","author":"NS Duesbery","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9040","article-title":"Anthrax lethal factor cleaves the N-terminus of MAPKKs and induces tyrosine\/threonine phosphorylation of MAPKs in cultured macrophages","volume":"248","author":"G Vitale","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9402","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M211262200","article-title":"Anthrax lethal factor proteolysis and inactivation of MAPK kinase","volume":"278","author":"AP Chopra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20031382","article-title":"Anthrax lethal factor-cleavage products of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) kinases exhibit reduced binding to their cognate MAPKs","volume":"378","author":"AJ Bardwell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2070","article-title":"Pyroptosis: host cell death and inflammation","volume":"7","author":"T Bergsbaken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1724","article-title":"Nalp1b controls mouse macrophage susceptibility to anthrax lethal toxin","volume":"38","author":"ED Boyden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)38364-3","article-title":"Macrophages are sensitive to anthrax lethal toxin through an acid-dependent process","volume":"261","author":"AM Friedlander","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.1.245-252.1993","article-title":"Characterization of macrophage sensitivity and resistance to anthrax lethal toxin","volume":"61","author":"AM Friedlander","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000906","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000906","article-title":"Susceptibility to anthrax lethal toxin-induced rat death is controlled by a single chromosome 10 locus that includes rNlrp1","volume":"6","author":"ZL Newman","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903114","article-title":"Cutting edge: resistance to Bacillus anthracis infection mediated by a lethal toxin sensitive allele of Nalp1b\/Nlrp1b","volume":"184","author":"JK Terra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001222","article-title":"Inflammasome sensor Nlrp1b-dependent resistance to anthrax is mediated by caspase-1, IL-1 signaling and neutrophil recruitment","volume":"6","author":"M Moayeri","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1019","article-title":"NALPs: a novel protein family involved in inflammation","volume":"4","author":"J Tschopp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.02.005","article-title":"The NLR gene family: a standard nomenclature","volume":"28","author":"JP Ting","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-095944","article-title":"Recognition of Bacteria by Inflammasomes","volume":"31","author":"J von Moltke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(02)00599-3","article-title":"The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-beta","volume":"10","author":"F Martinon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27396","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027396","article-title":"CARD8 and NLRP1 undergo autoproteolytic processing through a ZU5-like domain","volume":"6","author":"A D'Osualdo","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002659","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002659","article-title":"Proteolytic processing of Nlrp1b is required for inflammasome activity","volume":"8","author":"BC Frew","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25030","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.378323","article-title":"Autolytic proteolysis within the function to find domain (FIIND) is required for NLRP1 inflammasome activity","volume":"287","author":"JN Finger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10510","article-title":"The NLRC4 inflammasome receptors for bacterial flagellin and type III secretion apparatus","volume":"477","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10394","article-title":"Innate immune recognition of bacterial ligands by NAIPs determines inflammasome specificity","volume":"477","author":"EM Kofoed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1169841","article-title":"HIN-200 proteins regulate caspase activation in response to foreign cytoplasmic DNA","volume":"323","author":"TL Roberts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1702","article-title":"An orthogonal proteomic-genomic screen identifies AIM2 as a cytoplasmic DNA sensor for the inflammasome","volume":"10","author":"T Burckstummer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07725","article-title":"AIM2 recognizes cytosolic dsDNA and forms a caspase-1-activating inflammasome with ASC","volume":"458","author":"V Hornung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07710","article-title":"AIM2 activates the inflammasome and cell death in response to cytoplasmic DNA","volume":"458","author":"T Fernandes-Alnemri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1861","article-title":"Influenza virus activates inflammasomes via its intracellular M2 ion channel","volume":"11","author":"T Ichinohe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05286","article-title":"The plant immune system","volume":"444","author":"JD Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.008","article-title":"Host-microbe interactions: shaping the evolution of the plant immune response","volume":"124","author":"ST Chisholm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00036-9","article-title":"Initiation of RPS2-specified disease resistance in Arabidopsis is coupled to the AvrRpt2-directed elimination of RIN4","volume":"112","author":"MJ Axtell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00040-0","article-title":"Arabidopsis RIN4 is a target of the type III virulence effector AvrRpt2 and modulates RPS2-mediated resistance","volume":"112","author":"D Mackey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4312","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707370105","article-title":"Anthrax lethal toxin and Salmonella elicit the common cell death pathway of caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis via distinct mechanisms","volume":"105","author":"SL Fink","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00500.x","article-title":"Anthrax toxin lethal factor contains a zinc metalloprotease consensus sequence which is required for lethal toxin activity","volume":"13","author":"KR Klimpel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"332","article-title":"Anthrax lethal toxin-induced inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activation are late events dependent on ion fluxes and the proteasome","volume":"10","author":"KE Wickliffe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01131.x","article-title":"Killing of macrophages by anthrax lethal toxin: involvement of the N-end rule pathway","volume":"10","author":"KE Wickliffe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002638","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002638","article-title":"Anthrax lethal factor cleavage of Nlrp1 is required for activation of the inflammasome","volume":"8","author":"JL Levinsohn","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49741","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049741","article-title":"Anthrax lethal factor cleaves mouse nlrp1b in both toxin-sensitive and toxin-resistant macrophages","volume":"7","author":"KA Hellmich","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1073163","article-title":"Macrophage apoptosis by anthrax lethal factor through p38 MAP kinase inhibition","volume":"297","author":"JM Park","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17902","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M807510200","article-title":"Substrate recognition of anthrax lethal factor examined by combinatorial and pre-steady-state kinetic approaches","volume":"284","author":"MY Zakharova","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb708","article-title":"The structural basis for substrate and inhibitor selectivity of the anthrax lethal factor","volume":"11","author":"BE Turk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11351","article-title":"Rapid induction of inflammatory lipid mediators by the inflammasome in vivo","volume":"490","author":"J von Moltke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00276-09","article-title":"Expression of Nlrp1b inflammasome components in human fibroblasts confers susceptibility to anthrax lethal toxin","volume":"77","author":"KC Liao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.04.015","article-title":"Anthrax toxin induces macrophage death by p38 MAPK inhibition but leads to inflammasome activation via ATP leakage","volume":"35","author":"SR Ali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20061891","article-title":"Manipulation of host signalling pathways by anthrax toxins","volume":"402","author":"BE Turk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1159\/000181144","article-title":"Corruption of innate immunity by bacterial proteases","volume":"1","author":"J Potempa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.2174\/138920310794557646","article-title":"Cysteine protease inhibitors: from evolutionary relationships to modern chemotherapeutic design for the treatment of infectious diseases","volume":"11","author":"EC Toh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Protein Pept Sci"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79086-0_4","article-title":"Viral protease inhibitors","volume":"2009","author":"J Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2011.06.002","article-title":"Proteases as regulators of pathogenesis: examples from the Apicomplexa","volume":"1824","author":"H Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.108.060194","article-title":"From Guard to Decoy: a new model for perception of plant pathogen effectors","volume":"20","author":"RA van der Hoorn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01003-12","article-title":"Activation of the Nlrp1b Inflammasome by Reduction of Cytosolic ATP","volume":"81","author":"KC Liao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1646","article-title":"Critical function for Naip5 in inflammasome activation by a conserved carboxy-terminal domain of flagellin","volume":"9","author":"KL Lightfield","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"}],"container-title":["PLoS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003452","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T10:57:39Z","timestamp":1646132259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003452"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,20]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003452","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,20]]}}}