{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:49:28Z","timestamp":1791877768066,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]],"date-time":"2013-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378944000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]],"date-time":"2013-09-12T17:06:09Z","timestamp":1379005569000},"page":"e1003578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Aggressive Chemotherapy and the Selection of Drug Resistant Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Silvie","family":"Huijben","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek G.","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Tomasello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Mideo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Troy","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew F.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Fleming A (1964) Penicillin. Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1942\u20131962. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011) World malaria report 2011. Geneva, Switzerland. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/world_malaria_report_2011\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/world_malaria_report_2011<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012) The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance: options for action. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2012\/9789241503181_eng.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2012\/9789241503181_eng.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011) Global tuberculosis control: WHO report 2011. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/2011\/gtbr11_full.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/2011\/gtbr11_full.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540260059037","article-title":"HIV-1 protease inhibitors - A review for clinicians","volume":"277","author":"SG Deeks","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0901.020172","article-title":"Dead bugs don&apos;t mutate: Susceptibility issues in the emergence of bacterial resistance","volume":"9","author":"CW Stratton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05360-11","article-title":"Dosing regimen matters: the importance of early intervention and rapid attainment of the pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic target","volume":"56","author":"MN Martinez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1086\/595739","article-title":"Impact of short-course quinolone therapy on susceptible and resistant populations of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic>","volume":"199","author":"GL Drusano","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro862","article-title":"Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics: Critical interactions of \u2018bug and drug\u2019","volume":"2","author":"GL Drusano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"14","article-title":"Preventing HIV-1 drug resistance","volume":"4","author":"JH Condra","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sci Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318180fe62","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance - What&apos;s dosing got to do with it?","volume":"36","author":"JA Roberts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70264-4","article-title":"Population biological principles of drug-resistance evolution in infectious diseases","volume":"11","author":"PA zur Wiesch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rapoff MA (2010) Adherence to pediatric medical regimens, Second Edition. Dordrecht: Springer. 231 p.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0570-3"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Crow JF, Kimura M (1970) An introduction to population genetics theory. New York: Harper and Row. 591 p."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10871","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100299108","article-title":"The evolution of drug resistance and the curious orthodoxy of aggressive chemotherapy","volume":"108","author":"AF Read","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-3-33","article-title":"Competitive release of drug resistance following drug treatment of mixed <italic>Plasmodium chabaudi<\/italic> infections","volume":"3","author":"JC de Roode","year":"2004","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017067816551","article-title":"The fate of competing beneficial mutations in an asexual population","volume":"102\u20133","author":"PJ Gerrish","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5434.1745","article-title":"Clonal interference and the evolution of RNA viruses","volume":"285","author":"R Miralles","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059410","article-title":"The ecology of genetically diverse infections","volume":"292","author":"AF Read","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001261","article-title":"A model for the origins and spread of drug-resistant malaria","volume":"115","author":"IM Hastings","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)90745-3","article-title":"The evolution of multiple drug resistance in malaria parasites","volume":"92","author":"MJ Mackinnon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01707-5","article-title":"Modelling a predictable disaster: The rise and spread of drug-resistant malaria","volume":"16","author":"IM Hastings","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005009790","article-title":"Complex dynamics and stability of resistance to antimalarial drugs","volume":"132","author":"IM Hastings","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.04.006","article-title":"Drug resistance models for malaria","volume":"94","author":"MJ Mackinnon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0804.010312","article-title":"Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance: a population perspective","volume":"8","author":"M Lipsitch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37172","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037172","article-title":"Enhanced transmission of drug-resistant parasites to mosquitoes following drug treatment in rodent malaria","volume":"7","author":"AS Bell","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19914","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707766104","article-title":"Competitive release and facilitation of drug-resistant parasites after therapeutic chemotherapy in a rodent malaria model","volume":"104","author":"AR Wargo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"2952","article-title":"Chemotherapy, within-host ecology and the fitness of drug-resistant malaria parasites","volume":"64","author":"S Huijben","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29838","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029838","article-title":"\u201cOne-Size-Fits-All\u201d? Optimizing treatment duration for bacterial infections","volume":"7","author":"P Geli","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/486465a","article-title":"Get pigs off antibiotics","volume":"486","author":"F Aarestrup","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3280555072","article-title":"How long should we treat community-acquired pneumonia?","volume":"20","author":"NM Scalera","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7554.1355","article-title":"Effectiveness of discontinuing antibiotic treatment after three days versus eight days in mild to moderate-severe community acquired pneumonia: randomised, double blind study","volume":"332","author":"R el Moussaoui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr137","article-title":"Impact of antimicrobial stewardship in critical care: a systematic review","volume":"66","author":"R Kaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"Cd007577","article-title":"Short-course versus prolonged-course antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia in critically ill adults","author":"R Pugh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.151563","article-title":"Short versus long duration of antibiotic therapy for bacterial meningitis: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials in children","volume":"94","author":"DE Karageorgopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60580-1","article-title":"5 versus 10 days of treatment with ceftriaxone for bacterial meningitis in children: a double-blind randomised equivalence study","volume":"377","author":"E Molyneux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2011.09.003","article-title":"Procalcitonin measurements for guiding antibiotic treatment in pediatric pneumonia","volume":"105","author":"S Esposito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.2.363","article-title":"The population dynamics of antimicrobial chemotherapy","volume":"41","author":"M Lipsitch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00334-06","article-title":"The relationship between quinolone exposures and resistance amplification is characterized by an inverted U: A new paradigm for optimizing pharmacodynamics to counterselect resistance","volume":"51","author":"VH Tam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01680-08","article-title":"Differing effects of combination chemotherapy with meropenem and tobramycin on cell kill and suppression of resistance of wild-type pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and its isogenic MexAB efflux pump-overexpressed mutant","volume":"53","author":"GL Drusano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.10.025","article-title":"Exploring the role of the immune response in preventing antibiotic resistance","volume":"256","author":"A Handel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14711","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902437106","article-title":"The epidemiological fitness cost of drug resistance in <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/italic>","volume":"106","author":"F Luciani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00813","article-title":"Genetic diversity and chloroquine selective sweeps in <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic>","volume":"418","author":"JC Wootton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.1.235-254.2004","article-title":"History, dynamics, and public health importance of malaria parasite resistance","volume":"17","author":"AO Talisuna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/459508a","article-title":"A change of strategy in the war on cancer","volume":"459","author":"RA Gatenby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4894","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-3658","article-title":"Adaptive therapy","volume":"69","author":"RA Gatenby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6362","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-2235","article-title":"Evolutionary approaches to prolong progression-free survival in breast cancer","volume":"72","author":"AS Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13977","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805965105","article-title":"Accelerated evolution of resistance in multidrug environments","volume":"105","author":"M Hegreness","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001540","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001540","article-title":"When the most potent combination of antibiotics selects for the greatest bacterial load: the smile \u2013frown transition","volume":"11","author":"R Pena-Miller","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E214","DOI":"10.1086\/591684","article-title":"Understanding and predicting strain-specific patterns of pathogenesis in the rodent malaria <italic>Plasmodium chabaudi<\/italic>","volume":"172","author":"N Mideo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155165","article-title":"Qinghaosu (Artemisinin): The price of success","volume":"320","author":"NJ White","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-257","article-title":"Does the drug sensitivity of malaria parasites depend on their virulence?","volume":"7","author":"P Schneider","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005301","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]],"date-time":"2015-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447718400000}}],"container-title":["PLoS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003578","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]],"date-time":"2019-07-23T21:40:03Z","timestamp":1563918003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003578"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"L. David","family":"Sibley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003578","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005301","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]]}}}