{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:38:16Z","timestamp":1791985096671,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]],"date-time":"2013-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378944000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]],"date-time":"2013-09-12T21:06:10Z","timestamp":1379019970000},"page":"e1003613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Alpha-Interferon Suppresses Hepadnavirus Transcription by Altering Epigenetic Modification of cccDNA Minichromosomes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Fei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Campagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghe","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuesen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunxiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sichen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Block","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhong","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju-Tao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4597","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.11.4597","article-title":"Genome of hepatitis B virus: restriction enzyme cleavage and structure of DNA extracted from Dane particles","volume":"72","author":"J Summers","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.36.3.787-795.1980","article-title":"Structural relationships between the surface antigens of ground squirrel hepatitis virus and human hepatitis B virus","volume":"36","author":"WH Gerlich","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.45.1.165-172.1983","article-title":"Protein covalently bound to minus-strand DNA intermediates of duck hepatitis B virus","volume":"45","author":"KL Molnar-Kimber","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.69.6.3350-3357.1995","article-title":"The covalently closed duplex form of the hepadnavirus genome exists in situ as a heterogeneous population of viral minichromosomes","volume":"69","author":"JE Newbold","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10059","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00535-12","article-title":"Characterization of nucleosome positioning in hepadnaviral covalently closed circular DNA minichromosomes","volume":"86","author":"L Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6507","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.67.11.6507-6512.1993","article-title":"Novel mechanism for reverse transcription in hepatitis B viruses","volume":"67","author":"GH Wang","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3536","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.68.6.3536-3543.1994","article-title":"Hepadnavirus reverse transcription initiates within the stem-loop of the RNA packaging signal and employs a novel strand transfer","volume":"68","author":"JE Tavis","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90602-1","article-title":"Formation of the pool of covalently closed circular viral DNA in hepadnavirus-infected cells","volume":"47","author":"JS Tuttleman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(90)90206-7","article-title":"In hepatocytes infected with duck hepatitis B virus, the template for viral RNA synthesis is amplified by an intracellular pathway","volume":"175","author":"TT Wu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.1.51-68.2000","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus biology","volume":"64","author":"C Seeger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i1.48","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus replication","volume":"13","author":"J Beck","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9392","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.12.9392-9399.1997","article-title":"Lack of effect of antiviral therapy in nondividing hepatocyte cultures on the closed circular DNA of woodchuck hepatitis virus","volume":"71","author":"G Moraleda","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5415.825","article-title":"Viral clearance without destruction of infected cells during acute HBV infection [In Process Citation]","volume":"284","author":"LG Guidotti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11652","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1635109100","article-title":"Hepatocyte turnover during resolution of a transient hepadnaviral infection","volume":"100","author":"J Summers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308478100","article-title":"Expansion and contraction of the hepatitis B virus transcriptional template in infected chimpanzees","volume":"101","author":"SF Wieland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23226","article-title":"Not interferon, but interleukin-6 controls early gene expression in hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"50","author":"M Hosel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5459","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.7.5459-5465.1999","article-title":"Elimination of duck hepatitis B virus RNA-containing capsids in duck interferon-alpha-treated hepatocytes","volume":"73","author":"U Schultz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI58847","article-title":"IFN-alpha inhibits HBV transcription and replication in cell culture and in humanized mice by targeting the epigenetic regulation of the nuclear cccDNA minichromosome","volume":"122","author":"L Belloni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.06.057","article-title":"Impaired intrahepatic hepatitis B virus productivity contributes to low viremia in most HBeAg-negative patients","volume":"133","author":"T Volz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21299","article-title":"Intrahepatic levels and replicative activity of covalently closed circular hepatitis B virus DNA in chronically infected patients","volume":"44","author":"A Laras","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.1.311-322.2001","article-title":"Kinetics of hepadnavirus loss from the liver during inhibition of viral DNA synthesis","volume":"75","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350601100704","article-title":"One-year entecavir or lamivudine therapy results in reduction of hepatitis B virus intrahepatic covalently closed circular DNA levels","volume":"11","author":"DK Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21282","article-title":"Peginterferon alpha-2b plus adefovir induce strong cccDNA decline and HBsAg reduction in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"44","author":"K Wursthorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2011.06766.x","article-title":"Intrahepatic response markers in chronic hepatitis B patients treated with peginterferon alpha-2a and adefovir","volume":"26","author":"B Takkenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.37058","article-title":"Entecavir is superior to lamivudine in reducing hepatitis B virus DNA in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"123","author":"CL Lai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.8559","article-title":"Effects of extended lamivudine therapy in Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group","volume":"119","author":"YF Liaw","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020681","article-title":"Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B","volume":"348","author":"P Marcellin","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22956","article-title":"Benefits and risks of interferon therapy for hepatitis B","volume":"49","author":"R Perrillo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17701-0","article-title":"Pegylated interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial","volume":"365","author":"HL Janssen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043470","article-title":"Peginterferon Alfa-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B","volume":"352","author":"GK Lau","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12472","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01123-07","article-title":"Characterization of the intracellular deproteinized relaxed circular DNA of hepatitis B virus: an intermediate of covalently closed circular DNA formation","volume":"81","author":"H Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6164","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02721-06","article-title":"Formation of Hepatitis B Virus Covalently Closed Circular DNA: Removal of Genome-linked Protein","volume":"81","author":"W Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23163","article-title":"Identification of androgen response elements in the enhancer I of hepatitis B virus: a mechanism for sex disparity in chronic hepatitis B","volume":"50","author":"SH Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002159","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002159","article-title":"Effects of interferon-alpha\/beta on HBV replication determined by viral load","volume":"7","author":"Y Tian","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2010.01315.x","article-title":"Control of hepatitis B virus at the level of transcription","volume":"17","author":"M Quasdorff","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7917","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.10.7917-7922.1997","article-title":"A novel transcriptional element in circular DNA monomers of the duck hepatitis B virus","volume":"71","author":"A Beckel-Mitchener","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.02.015","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus X protein is essential to initiate and maintain virus replication after infection","volume":"55","author":"J Lucifora","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.01.001","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus replication is regulated by the acetylation status of hepatitis B virus cccDNA-bound H3 and H4 histones","volume":"130","author":"T Pollicino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19975","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908365106","article-title":"Nuclear HBx binds the HBV minichromosome and modifies the epigenetic regulation of cccDNA function","volume":"106","author":"L Belloni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.68.3.2026-2030.1994","article-title":"Woodchuck hepatitis virus X protein is required for viral infection in vivo","volume":"68","author":"F Zoulim","year":"1994","journal-title":"JVirol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90599-8","article-title":"The reverse transcriptase of hepatitis B virus acts as a protein primer for viral DNA synthesis","volume":"71","author":"GH Wang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5134","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.07137-11","article-title":"In vitro epsilon RNA-dependent protein priming activity of human hepatitis B virus polymerase","volume":"86","author":"SA Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43270","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043270","article-title":"Characterization of the Host Factors Required for Hepadnavirus Covalently Closed Circular (ccc) DNA Formation","volume":"7","author":"H Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.3.1885-1893.2003","article-title":"Conditional replication of duck hepatitis B virus in hepatoma cells","volume":"77","author":"JT Guo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(89)90057-0","article-title":"Inhibition of RNA- and DNA-dependent duck hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase activity by nucleoside and pyrophosphate analogs","volume":"12","author":"B Lofgren","year":"1989","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4867","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.67.8.4867-4874.1993","article-title":"Analysis of the earliest steps of hepadnavirus replication: genome repair after infectious entry into hepatocytes does not depend on viral polymerase activity","volume":"67","author":"J Kock","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.67.1.227","article-title":"How cells respond to interferons","volume":"67","author":"GR Stark","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2314","article-title":"Interferon-inducible antiviral effectors","volume":"8","author":"AJ Sadler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02113-07","article-title":"Identification of three interferon-inducible cellular enzymes that inhibit the replication of hepatitis C virus","volume":"82","author":"D Jiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.9.2068","article-title":"Functional characterization of the interferon regulatory element in the enhancer 1 region of the hepatitis B virus genome","volume":"30","author":"FF Alcantara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9332","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00918-10","article-title":"Interferons accelerate decay of replication-competent nucleocapsids of hepatitis B virus","volume":"84","author":"C Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9913","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504273102","article-title":"Interferon prevents formation of replication-competent hepatitis B virus RNA-containing nucleocapsids","volume":"102","author":"SF Wieland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01921-09","article-title":"Production and function of the cytoplasmic deproteinized relaxed circular DNA of hepadnaviruses","volume":"84","author":"H Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22211","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.180224","article-title":"Inhibitors of histone deacetylases: correlation between isoform specificity and reactivation of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) from latently infected cells","volume":"286","author":"K Huber","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18786","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905859106","article-title":"Epigenetic activation of unintegrated HIV-1 genomes by gut-associated short chain fatty acids and its implications for HIV infection","volume":"106","author":"B Kantor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.01.034","article-title":"MuLV IN mutants responsive to HDAC inhibitors enhance transcription from unintegrated retroviral DNA","volume":"426","author":"WM Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.5.2691-2696.1996","article-title":"n-Butyrate, a cell cycle blocker, inhibits early amplification of duck hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA after in vitro infection of duck hepatocytes","volume":"70","author":"F Turin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9578","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400567101","article-title":"Induction of interferon-stimulated gene expression and antiviral responses require protein deacetylase activity","volume":"101","author":"HM Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14742","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2433987100","article-title":"Interferon-stimulated transcription and innate antiviral immunity require deacetylase activity and histone deacetylase 1","volume":"100","author":"I Nusinzon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.01.015","article-title":"The role of chromatin during transcription","volume":"128","author":"B Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.02.005","article-title":"Chromatin modifications and their function","volume":"128","author":"T Kouzarides","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31954","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.148718","article-title":"Activator-dependent p300 acetylation of chromatin in vitro: enhancement of transcription by disruption of repressive nucleosome-nucleosome interactions","volume":"285","author":"HJ Szerlong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000935","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000935","article-title":"The epigenetic landscape of latent Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genomes","volume":"6","author":"T Gunther","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.05.009","article-title":"High-resolution profiling of histone methylations in the human genome","volume":"129","author":"A Barski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11247","article-title":"An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome","volume":"489","author":"EP Consortium","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301073","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune responses in chronic hepatitis B virus infections: towards restoration of immune control of viral infection","volume":"61","author":"A Bertoletti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.3.1495-1505.2000","article-title":"Apoptosis and regeneration of hepatocytes during recovery from transient hepadnavirus infection","volume":"74","author":"J-T Guo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virology"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.938","article-title":"Chromatin as an expansive canvas for chemical biology","volume":"8","author":"B Fierz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1794","article-title":"Chromatin control of herpes simplex virus lytic and latent infection","volume":"6","author":"DM Knipe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2051","article-title":"Inhibition of the histone demethylase LSD1 blocks alpha-herpesvirus lytic replication and reactivation from latency","volume":"15","author":"Y Liang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1159\/000321450","article-title":"Replicative activity of hepatitis B virus is negatively associated with methylation of covalently closed circular DNA in advanced hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"54","author":"JW Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21525","article-title":"Evidence that methylation of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA in liver tissues of patients with chronic hepatitis B modulates HBV replication","volume":"81","author":"Y Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12372","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2033898100","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of covalently closed circular DNA copy numbers in a hepadnavirus-infected liver","volume":"100","author":"YY Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21416","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus-cell interactions and pathogenesis","volume":"216","author":"DH Nguyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7474","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00180-11","article-title":"The checkpoints of viral gene expression in productive and latent infection: the role of the HDAC\/CoREST\/LSD1\/REST repressor complex","volume":"85","author":"B Roizman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11286","article-title":"Administration of vorinostat disrupts HIV-1 latency in patients on antiretroviral therapy","volume":"487","author":"NM Archin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5364","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201079109","article-title":"Chromatin-targeting small molecules cause class-specific transcriptional changes in pancreatic endocrine cells","volume":"109","author":"S Kubicek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00049","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00049","article-title":"Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus","volume":"1","author":"H Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(67)90307-5","article-title":"Selective extraction of polyoma DNA from infected mouse cell cultures","volume":"26","author":"B Hirt","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2006.05.006","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus e antigen production is dependent upon covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA in HepAD38 cell cultures and may serve as a cccDNA surrogate in antiviral screening assays","volume":"72","author":"T Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"}],"container-title":["PLoS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003613","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T14:57:39Z","timestamp":1688482659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003613"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Aleem","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003613","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]]}}}