{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:15:09Z","timestamp":1792678509344,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]],"date-time":"2013-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383177600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]],"date-time":"2013-10-31T23:12:08Z","timestamp":1383261128000},"page":"e1003731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["A Trypanosoma brucei Kinesin Heavy Chain Promotes Parasite Growth by Triggering Host Arginase Activity"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"G\u00e9raldine","family":"De Muylder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Daulou\u00e8de","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Lecordier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierrick","family":"Uzureau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Morias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Van Den Abbeele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Caljon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"H\u00e9rin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Holzmuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silla","family":"Semballa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierrette","family":"Courtois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Vanhamme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Stijlemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"De Baetselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jillian L.","family":"Barlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew N. J.","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Barron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Wynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Beschin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Vincendeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Pays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6775","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.12.6775","article-title":"Resistance to the African trypanosomes is IFN-gamma dependent","volume":"161","author":"CJ Hertz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1998.1429","article-title":"IFN-gamma-dependent nitric oxide production is not linked to resistance in experimental African trypanosomiasis","volume":"192","author":"CJ Hertz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.4.1563-1566.1995","article-title":"Bone marrow nitric oxide production and development of anemia in Trypanosoma brucei-infected mice","volume":"63","author":"N Mabbott","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.3128-3132.1999","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha is a key mediator in the regulation of experimental Trypanosoma brucei infections","volume":"67","author":"S Magez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4653","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.8.4653-4657.2000","article-title":"L-Arginine availability modulates local nitric oxide production and parasite killing in experimental trypanosomiasis","volume":"68","author":"AP Gobert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001045","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001045","article-title":"Tip-DC development during parasitic infection is regulated by IL-10 and requires CCL2\/CCR2, IFN-gamma and MyD88 signaling","volume":"6","author":"T Bosschaerts","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.2.1107","article-title":"IL-10 dampens TNF\/inducible nitric oxide synthase-producing dendritic cell-mediated pathogenicity during parasitic infection","volume":"182","author":"M Guilliams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1086\/320731","article-title":"Relative contribution of interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 to resistance to murine African trypanosomosis","volume":"183","author":"B Namangala","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1086\/648374","article-title":"Identification of a parasitic immunomodulatory protein triggering the development of suppressive M1 macrophages during African trypanosomiasis","volume":"200","author":"J G\u00f3mez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.4.1949","article-title":"The glycosyl-inositol-phosphate and dimyristoylglycerol moieties of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor of the trypanosome variant-specific surface glycoprotein are distinct macrophage-activating factors","volume":"160","author":"S Magez","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.1.548","article-title":"The soluble variant surface glycoprotein of African trypanosomes is recognized by a macrophage scavenger receptor and induces I kappa B alpha degradation independently of TRAF6-mediated TLR signaling","volume":"179","author":"BJ Leppert","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01649-06","article-title":"CpG oligodeoxynucleotide treatment enhances innate resistance and acquired immunity to African trypanosomes","volume":"75","author":"TH Harris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.46.100192.003403","article-title":"Metabolism and functions of trypanothione in the Kinetoplastida","volume":"46","author":"AH Fairlamb","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6298","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.10.6298","article-title":"Mouse strain susceptibility to trypanosome infection: an arginase-dependent effect","volume":"172","author":"S Duleu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.10.008","article-title":"Virulence and pathogenicity patterns of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense field isolates in experimentally infected mouse: differences in host immune response modulation by secretome and proteomics","volume":"10","author":"P Holzmuller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)80018-4","article-title":"N-linked glycans containing linear poly-N-acetyllactosamine as sorting signals in endocytosis in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"9","author":"DP Nolan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600094","article-title":"A differential role for actin during the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"23","author":"JA Garc\u00eda-Salcedo","year":"2004","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10410","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M409375200","article-title":"Characterization of two protein disulfide isomerases from the endocytic pathway of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"280","author":"J Rubotham","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.01.008","article-title":"Leishmania mexicana: molecular cloning and characterization of enolase","volume":"116","author":"W Qui\u00f1ones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.5.2253","article-title":"Shaping gene expression in activated and resting primary macrophages by IL-10","volume":"169","author":"R Lang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1671","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-induced arginase 1 in macrophages thwarts effective immunity against intracellular pathogens","volume":"9","author":"KC El Kasmi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041307","article-title":"IL-10 limits production of pathogenic TNF by M1 myeloid cells through induction of nuclear NF-\u03baB p50 member in Trypanosoma congolense infection-resistant C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"41","author":"T Bosschaerts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra62","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2000955","article-title":"Arginine usage in mycobacteria-infected macrophages depends on autocrine-paracrine cytokine signaling","volume":"3","author":"JE Qualls","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3769","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.112.21.3769","article-title":"Protein transport and flagellum assembly dynamics revealed by analysis of the paralysed trypanosome mutant snl-1","volume":"112","author":"P Bastin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040795","article-title":"SIGN-R1 contributes to protection against lethal pneumococcal infection in mice","volume":"200","author":"A Lanoue","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.01.046","article-title":"A dominant complement fixation pathway for pneumococcal polysaccharides initiated by SIGN-R1 interacting with C1q","volume":"125","author":"YS Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535685","article-title":"Carbohydrate-independent recognition of collagens by the macrophage mannose receptor","volume":"36","author":"L Martinez-Pomares","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/immu.200390013","article-title":"Experimental African trypanosomiasis: IFN-gamma mediates early mortality","volume":"33","author":"M Shi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.130.1.405","article-title":"Lymphocyte function in experimental African trypanosomiasis. V. Role of antibody and the mononuclear phagocyte system in variant-specific immunity","volume":"130","author":"WL Dempsey","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E05-11-1090","article-title":"A \u201cholistic\u201d kinesin phylogeny reveals new kinesin families and predicts protein functions","volume":"17","author":"B Wickstead","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4966","DOI":"10.1021\/bi001542w","article-title":"Rat coagulating gland secretion contains a kinesin heavy chain-like protein acting as a type IV transglutaminase substrate","volume":"40","author":"C Esposito","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(91)90119-H","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi: shedding of surface antigens as membrane vesicles","volume":"72","author":"MF Gon\u00e7alves","year":"1991","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R35","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2008-9-2-r35","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of the secretome of Leishmania donovani","volume":"9","author":"JM Silverman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.5.2135-2137.1994","article-title":"Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis leads to reduced parasitemia in murine Trypanosoma brucei infection","volume":"62","author":"J Sternberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1618","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001618","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomics reveals a lack of synergy between nifurtimox and eflornithine against Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"6","author":"IM Vincent","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010000466","article-title":"The silicon trypanosome","volume":"137","author":"BM Bakker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6085","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.9.6085-6090.2005","article-title":"Arginase I induction during Leishmania major infection mediates the development of disease","volume":"73","author":"V Iniesta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.10.018","article-title":"Mice lacking SIGNR1 have stronger T helper 1 responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"9","author":"CW Wieland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901970","article-title":"C-type lectin SIGN-R1 has a role in experimental colitis and responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide","volume":"184","author":"SP Saunders","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2201","article-title":"Oral tolerance to food-induced systemic anaphylaxis mediated by the C-type lectin SIGNR1","volume":"16","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir058","article-title":"Nitric oxide protection against murine cerebral malaria is associated with improved cerebral microcirculatory physiology","volume":"203","author":"P Cabrales","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2012.02755.x","article-title":"The nitric oxide pathway\u2013evidence and mechanisms for protection against liver ischaemia reperfusion injury","volume":"32","author":"M Abu-Amara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-633R.1","article-title":"Effects of polyamines on two strains of Trypanosoma brucei in infected rats and in vitro culture","volume":"92","author":"K Nishimura","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.39.3.1080-1086.1983","article-title":"Macrophage activation in murine African trypanosomiasis","volume":"39","author":"CM Grosskinsky","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00002-X","article-title":"A tightly regulated inducible expression system for conditional gene knock-outs and dominant-negative genetics in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"99","author":"E Wirtz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(02)00238-4","article-title":"Targeting of a tetracycline-inducible expression system to the transcriptionally silent minichromosomes of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"125","author":"B Wickstead","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2007.03.007","article-title":"G418, phleomycin and hygromycin selection of recombinant Trypanosoma brucei parasites refractory to long-term in vitro culture","volume":"154","author":"P Uzureau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81706-7","article-title":"A VSG expression site-associated gene confers resistance to human serum in Trypanosoma rhodesiense","volume":"95","author":"HV Xong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1006\/prep.1999.1162","article-title":"Purification of his-tagged proteins by immobilized chelate affinity chromatography: the benefits from the use of organic solvent","volume":"18","author":"KL Franken","year":"2000","journal-title":"Protein Expr Purif"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts069","article-title":"IDEOM: an Excel interface for analysis of LC-MS-based metabolomics data","volume":"28","author":"DJ Creek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1021\/ac051437y","article-title":"XCMS: processing mass spectrometry data for metabolite profiling using nonlinear peak alignment, matching, and identification","volume":"78","author":"CA Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2786","DOI":"10.1021\/ac2000994","article-title":"PeakML\/mzMatch: a file format, Java library, R library, and tool-chain for mass spectrometry data analysis","volume":"83","author":"RA Scheltema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(94)90027-2","article-title":"Determination of arginase activity in macrophages: a micromethod","volume":"174","author":"IM Corraliza","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"}],"container-title":["PLoS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003731","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T18:45:25Z","timestamp":1688582725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003731"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"L. David","family":"Sibley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003731","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]]}}}