{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:20:50Z","timestamp":1791296450424,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,3]],"date-time":"2015-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,3]],"date-time":"2015-09-03T13:59:29Z","timestamp":1441288769000},"page":"e1005122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["Immunostimulatory Defective Viral Genomes from Respiratory Syncytial Virus Promote a Strong Innate Antiviral Response during Infection in Mice and Humans"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepika","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia J.","family":"Koziol-White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Genoyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micah","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reynold A.","family":"Panettieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Hodinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina B.","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-410524-9.00004-9","article-title":"Intracellular pathogen detection by RIG-I-like receptors","volume":"117","author":"E Dixit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Advances in immunology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.05.003","article-title":"Immune signaling by RIG-I-like receptors","volume":"34","author":"YM Loo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.05.007","article-title":"Cytosolic sensing of viruses","volume":"38","author":"D Goubau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2013.98","article-title":"Viral degradasome hijacks mitochondria to suppress innate immunity","volume":"23","author":"R Goswami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2006-0283RC","article-title":"NS1 protein of influenza A virus inhibits the function of intracytoplasmic pathogen sensor, RIG-I","volume":"36","author":"Z Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2010.05.009","article-title":"Viral tricks to grid-lock the type I interferon system","volume":"13","author":"GA Versteeg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60529-1","article-title":"Incomplete forms of influenza virus","volume":"2","author":"P Von Magnus","year":"1954","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90166-M","article-title":"Molecular cloning of natural paramyxovirus copy-back defective interfering RNAs and their expression from DNA","volume":"191","author":"P Calain","year":"1992","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1159\/000071461","article-title":"Establishment of respiratory syncytial virus persistence in cell lines: association with defective interfering particles","volume":"46","author":"MR Valdovinos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6123","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.9.6123","article-title":"Differential type I IFN-inducing abilities of wild-type versus vaccine strains of measles virus","volume":"179","author":"M Shingai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(81)90298-1","article-title":"The origins of defective interfering particles of the negative-strand RNA viruses","volume":"26","author":"RA Lazzarini","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.03.022","article-title":"Sendai virus defective-interfering genomes and the activation of interferon-beta","volume":"351","author":"L Strahle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.3390\/v1030895","article-title":"Defective Interfering RNAs: Foes of Viruses and Friends of Virologists","volume":"1","author":"KB Pathak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4503","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.7.4503","article-title":"A novel role for viral-defective interfering particles in enhancing dendritic cell maturation","volume":"177","author":"JS Yount","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"48","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.09.040","article-title":"Highly immunostimulatory RNA derived from a Sendai virus defective viral genome","volume":"31","author":"X Mercado-Lopez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81678-0","article-title":"In vivo antiviral activity: defective interfering virus protects better against virulent Influenza A virus than avirulent virus","volume":"87","author":"NJ Dimmock","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003703","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003703","article-title":"Defective viral genomes arising in vivo provide critical danger signals for the triggering of lung antiviral immunity","volume":"9","author":"K Tapia","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"37","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16303","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005077107","article-title":"Preference of RIG-I for short viral RNA molecules in infected cells revealed by next-generation sequencing","volume":"107","author":"A Baum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4910","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.7.4910","article-title":"MDA5 Participates in the Detection of Paramyxovirus Infection and Is Essential for the Early Activation of Dendritic Cells in Response to Sendai Virus Defective Interfering Particles","volume":"180","author":"JS Yount","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8064","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00240-13","article-title":"Sequence analysis of in vivo defective interfering-like RNA of influenza A H1N1 pandemic virus","volume":"87","author":"K Saira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-56-1-175","article-title":"The characteristics required for a Sendai virus preparation to induce high levels of interferon in human lymphoblastoid cells","volume":"56","author":"MD Johnston","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.6.2278","article-title":"Mechanisms associated with the generation of biologically active human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles from defective proviruses","volume":"88","author":"M Inoue","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19447","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019447","article-title":"Defective interfering viral particles in acute dengue infections","volume":"6","author":"D Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1529-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in children: differences between RSV and non-RSV bronchiolitis","volume":"31","author":"D Hervas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31829b7e43","article-title":"Viral etiologies of infant bronchiolitis, croup and upper respiratory illness during 4 consecutive years","volume":"32","author":"EK Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit471","article-title":"High morbidity and mortality in adults hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus infections","volume":"57","author":"N Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"105","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus and reactive airway disease","volume":"372","author":"MT Lotz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2896","article-title":"Early infection with respiratory syncytial virus impairs regulatory T cell function and increases susceptibility to allergic asthma","volume":"18","author":"N Krishnamoorthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87162","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087162","article-title":"Increased risk of wheeze and decreased lung function after respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"9","author":"K Zomer-Kooijker","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"173","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus mechanisms to interfere with type 1 interferons","volume":"372","author":"S Barik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3734","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02434-08","article-title":"Human respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural protein NS2 antagonizes the activation of beta interferon transcription by interacting with RIG-I","volume":"83","author":"Z Ling","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-5-116","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) attachment and nonstructural proteins modify the type I interferon response associated with suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins and IFN-stimulated gene-15 (ISG15)","volume":"5","author":"EC Moore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200208)32:8<2117::AID-IMMU2117>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Virus clearance and immunopathology by CD8(+) T cells during infection with respiratory syncytial virus are mediated by IFN-gamma","volume":"32","author":"T Ostler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2006.19.147","article-title":"Cellular immunity and lung injury in respiratory virus infection","volume":"19","author":"D Bruder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052359","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells inhibit pulmonary immunopathology and promote clearance of respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"203","author":"JJ Smit","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-01-071340","article-title":"Eosinophils contribute to innate antiviral immunity and promote clearance of respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"110","author":"S Phipps","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.55.2.366-373.1985","article-title":"Defective interfering virus particles modulate virulence","volume":"55","author":"DR Cave","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8720","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00707-14","article-title":"Defective viral genomes: critical danger signals of viral infections","volume":"88","author":"CB Lopez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2010.0078","article-title":"Interferon-lambda: a new addition to an old family","volume":"30","author":"RP Donnelly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of interferon & cytokine research: the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2924","article-title":"Peroxisomal MAVS activates IRF1-mediated IFN-lambda production","volume":"15","author":"S Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.04.018","article-title":"Peroxisomes are signaling platforms for antiviral innate immunity","volume":"141","author":"E Dixit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2915","article-title":"Diverse intracellular pathogens activate type III interferon expression from peroxisomes","volume":"15","author":"C Odendall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L112","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00218.2003","article-title":"Nucleotide-mediated inhibition of alveolar fluid clearance in BALB\/c mice after respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"286","author":"IC Davis","year":"2004","journal-title":"American journal of physiology Lung cellular and molecular physiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200603-319OC","article-title":"Antioxidant treatment ameliorates respiratory syncytial virus-induced disease and lung inflammation","volume":"174","author":"SM Castro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Resp Crit Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5782","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01693-10","article-title":"Differential pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus clinical isolates in BALB\/c mice","volume":"85","author":"KL Stokes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir474","article-title":"Viruslike particle vaccine induces protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice","volume":"204","author":"FS Quan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1139\/y05-007","article-title":"Primary infection of mice with high titer inoculum respiratory syncytial virus: characterization and response to antiviral therapy","volume":"83","author":"G Bolger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003773","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003773","article-title":"Type I and type III interferons drive redundant amplification loops to induce a transcriptional signature in influenza-infected airway epithelia","volume":"9","author":"S Crotta","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref49","first-page":"583","article-title":"IFN-lambdas","volume":"23","author":"SV Kotenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current opinion in immunology"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11515","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01703-09","article-title":"Lambda interferon is the predominant interferon induced by influenza A virus infection in vivo","volume":"84","author":"NA Jewell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7944","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100552108","article-title":"IFN-lambda determines the intestinal epithelial antiviral host defense","volume":"108","author":"J Pott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.09.020","article-title":"Progress in understanding and controlling respiratory syncytial virus: Still crazy after all these years","volume":"162","author":"PL Collins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.12.010","article-title":"Interferon lambda 1\u20133 expression in infants hospitalized for RSV or HRV associated bronchiolitis","volume":"68","author":"C Selvaggi","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of infection"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38964","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor 1 marks activated genes and can induce target gene expression in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"67","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis & rheumatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.07.040","article-title":"Steroids completely reverse albuterol-induced beta(2)-adrenergic receptor tolerance in human small airways","volume":"122","author":"PR Cooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005122","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T19:43:45Z","timestamp":1599507825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005122"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Paul G.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,3]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005122","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.725764321.793526361","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,3]]}}}