{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:17:38Z","timestamp":1790745458117,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]],"date-time":"2015-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]],"date-time":"2015-09-15T17:47:29Z","timestamp":1442339249000},"page":"e1005160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["The Borrelia burgdorferi RelA\/SpoT Homolog and Stringent Response Regulate Survival in the Tick Vector and Global Gene Expression during Starvation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Drecktrah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Lybecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niko","family":"Popitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Rescheneder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura S.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Scott","family":"Samuels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.36.010191.003103","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis: relation of its causative agent to its vectors and hosts in North America and Europe","volume":"36","author":"RS Lane","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"251","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia<\/italic>: Molecular Biology, Host Interaction and Pathogenesis","author":"J Piesman","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2714","article-title":"Of ticks, mice and men: understanding the dual-host lifestyle of Lyme disease spirochaetes","volume":"10","author":"JD Radolf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.112408.134040","article-title":"Gene regulation in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"65","author":"DS Samuels","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MBP-0011-2014","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>: carbon metabolism and the tick-mammal enzootic cycle","volume":"3","author":"A Corona","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiology Spectrum"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/37551","article-title":"Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochete, <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"390","author":"CM Fraser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"103","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia<\/italic>: Molecular Biology, Host Interaction and Pathogenesis","author":"F Gherardini","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.42.352","article-title":"Growth kinetics of the Lyme disease spirochete (<italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>) in vector ticks (<italic>Ixodes dammini<\/italic>)","volume":"42","author":"J Piesman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.4.883","article-title":"Quantitation of the <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> outer surface protein A in <italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/italic>: fluctuations during the tick life cycle, doubling times, and loss while feeding","volume":"170","author":"TR Burkot","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.397","article-title":"Growth and migration of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> in <italic>Ixodes<\/italic> ticks during blood feeding","volume":"53","author":"AM de Silva","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4145","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.11.4145-4148.2001","article-title":"Use of quantitative PCR to measure density of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> in the midgut and salivary glands of feeding tick vectors","volume":"39","author":"J Piesman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Biology of Ticks","author":"DE Sonenshine","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.121","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> and tick proteins supporting pathogen persistence in the vector","volume":"8","author":"F Kung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0802.010198","article-title":"Vector interactions and molecular adaptations of Lyme disease and relapsing fever spirochetes associated with transmission by ticks","volume":"8","author":"TG Schwan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"279","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia<\/italic>: Molecular Biology, Host Interaction and Pathogenesis","author":"U Pal","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.00980.x","article-title":"The role of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> outer surface proteins","volume":"66","author":"MR Kenedy","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6972","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502565102","article-title":"<italic>bptA<\/italic> (<italic>bbe16<\/italic>) is essential for the persistence of the Lyme disease spirochete, <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>, in its natural tick vector","volume":"102","author":"AT Revel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05550.x","article-title":"The Lyme disease agent <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> requires BB0690, a Dps homologue, to persist within ticks","volume":"63","author":"X Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002102","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002102","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> requires glycerol for maximum fitness during the tick phase of the enzootic cycle","volume":"7","author":"CJ Pappas","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002133","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002133","article-title":"Cyclic di-GMP is essential for the survival of the Lyme disease spirochete in ticks","volume":"7","author":"M He","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07687.x","article-title":"The diguanylate cyclase, Rrp1, regulates critical steps in the enzootic cycle of the Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"81","author":"JL Kostick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05136-11","article-title":"The hybrid histidine kinase Hk1 is part of a two-component system that is essential for survival of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> in feeding <italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/italic> ticks","volume":"79","author":"MJ Caimano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05153-11","article-title":"Analysis of the HD-GYP domain cyclic-di-GMP phosphodiesterase reveals a role in motility and enzootic life cycle of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"79","author":"SZ Sultan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00075-11","article-title":"Analysis of the <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> cyclic-di-GMP-binding protein PlzA reveals a role in motility and virulence","volume":"79","author":"JE Pitzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.62.081307.162903","article-title":"(p)ppGpp: still magical?","volume":"62","author":"K Potrykus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2720","article-title":"ppGpp: magic beyond RNA polymerase","volume":"10","author":"ZD Dalebroux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2015.01.012","article-title":"Diversity in (p)ppGpp metabolism and effectors","volume":"24C","author":"K Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Many means to a common end: the intricacies of (p)ppGpp metabolism and its control of bacterial homeostasis","author":"AO Gaca","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3448","article-title":"Recent functional insights into the role of (p)ppGpp in bacterial physiology","volume":"13","author":"V Hauryliuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2005.11.006","article-title":"New horizons for (p)ppGpp in bacterial and plant physiology","volume":"14","author":"K Braeken","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(00)00182-X","article-title":"Revisiting the stringent response, ppGpp and starvation signaling","volume":"4","author":"D Chatterji","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2012.08177.x","article-title":"Direct binding targets of the stringent response alarmone (p)ppGpp","volume":"85","author":"U Kanjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23479","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023479","article-title":"The RelA\/SpoT homolog (RSH) superfamily: distribution and functional evolution of ppGpp synthetases and hydrolases across the tree of life","volume":"6","author":"GC Atkinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Cashel M, Gentry DR, Hernandez VJ, Vinella D (1996) The Stringent Response. In: Neidhardt EFC, editor. <italic>Escherichia coli<\/italic> and <italic>Salmonella<\/italic>: Cellular and Molecular Biology. pp. 1458\u20131496."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05442.x","article-title":"Acyl carrier protein\/SpoT interaction, the switch linking SpoT-dependent stress response to fatty acid metabolism","volume":"62","author":"A Battesti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4053","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.14.4053-4058.1995","article-title":"Guanosine 3&apos;,5&apos;-bispyrophosphate (ppGpp) synthesis in cells of <italic>Escherichia coli<\/italic> starved for P<sub>i<\/sub>","volume":"177","author":"B Spira","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5980","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)67694-5","article-title":"Residual guanosine 3&apos;,5&apos;-bispyrophosphate synthetic activity of <italic>relA<\/italic> null mutants can be eliminated by <italic>spoT<\/italic> null mutations","volume":"266","author":"H Xiao","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04601.x","article-title":"Iron limitation induces SpoT-dependent accumulation of ppGpp in <italic>Escherichia coli<\/italic>","volume":"56","author":"D Vinella","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07498.x","article-title":"Discretely calibrated regulatory loops controlled by ppGpp partition gene induction across the &apos;feast to famine&apos; gradient in <italic>Escherichia coli<\/italic>","volume":"79","author":"MF Traxler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07521.x","article-title":"Concentration matters!! ppGpp, from a whispering to a strident alarmone","volume":"79","author":"C Balsalobre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6175","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt302","article-title":"Differential regulation by ppGpp versus pppGpp in <italic>Escherichia coli<\/italic>","volume":"41","author":"U Mechold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2005.03.008","article-title":"ppGpp: a global regulator in <italic>Escherichia coli<\/italic>","volume":"13","author":"LU Magnusson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2008.02.001","article-title":"Control of bacterial transcription, translation and replication by (p)ppGpp","volume":"11","author":"A Srivatsan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21797","article-title":"Magic spot: (p) ppGpp","volume":"220","author":"J Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1912","article-title":"Advances in bacterial promoter recognition and its control by factors that do not bind DNA","volume":"6","author":"SP Haugen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.07.009","article-title":"DksA: a critical component of the transcription initiation machinery that potentiates the regulation of rRNA promoters by ppGpp and the initiating NTP","volume":"118","author":"BJ Paul","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7823","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501170102","article-title":"DksA potentiates direct activation of amino acid promoters by ppGpp","volume":"102","author":"BJ Paul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3923","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.14.3923-3930.2002","article-title":"RelA protein is involved in induction of genetic competence in certain <italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/italic> strains by moderating the level of intracellular GTP","volume":"184","author":"T Inaoka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00046-09","article-title":"ppGpp conjures bacterial virulence","volume":"74","author":"ZD Dalebroux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(02)02403-4","article-title":"The role of the stringent response in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections","volume":"10","author":"HP Godfrey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06555.x","article-title":"SpoT governs <italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/italic> differentiation in host macrophages","volume":"71","author":"ZD Dalebroux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30112","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M605616200","article-title":"The bacterial signal molecule, ppGpp, mediates the environmental regulation of both the invasion and intracellular virulence gene programs of <italic>Salmonella<\/italic>","volume":"281","author":"A Thompson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20924","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807071106","article-title":"A dual-signal regulatory circuit activates transcription of a set of divergent operons in <italic>Salmonella typhimurium<\/italic>","volume":"105","author":"G Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4084","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.4084-4091.2000","article-title":"High intracellular level of guanosine tetraphosphate in <italic>Mycobacterium smegmatis<\/italic> changes the morphology of the bacterium","volume":"68","author":"AK Ojha","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.12.7.1022","article-title":"The guanosine nucleotide (p)ppGpp initiates development and A-factor production in <italic>Myxococcus xanthus<\/italic>","volume":"12","author":"BZ Harris","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5494","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00366-06","article-title":"The stringent response is required for <italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/italic> survival of stationary phase, exposure to acid, and aerobic shock","volume":"188","author":"K Mouery","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01713153","article-title":"Transformation of cystic forms of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> to normal, mobile spirochetes","volume":"25","author":"\u00d8 Brorson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1998.tb00269.x","article-title":"A rapid method for generating cystic forms of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>, and their reversal to mobile spirochetes","volume":"106","author":"\u00d8 Brorson","year":"1998","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-1-119","article-title":"Serum-starvation-induced changes in protein synthesis and morphology of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"146","author":"PS Alban","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002532","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002532","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> requires the alternative sigma factor RpoS for dissemination within the vector during tick-to-mammal transmission","volume":"8","author":"SM Dunham-Ems","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.3.957-965.2003","article-title":"Characterization of the stringent response and <italic>rel<\/italic><sub><italic>Bbu<\/italic><\/sub> expression in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"185","author":"J Bugrysheva","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4972","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.8.4972-4981.2005","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia burgdorferi rel<\/italic> is responsible for generation of guanosine-3&apos;-diphosphate-5&apos;-triphosphate and growth control","volume":"73","author":"JV Bugrysheva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.2.444-452.2003","article-title":"Expression of <italic>spoT<\/italic> in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> during serum starvation","volume":"185","author":"MB Concepcion","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6433","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.11.6433-6445.2004","article-title":"RpoS is not central to the general stress response in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> but does control expression of one or more essential virulence determinants","volume":"72","author":"MJ Caimano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.7.2909","article-title":"Induction of an outer surface protein on <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> during tick feeding","volume":"92","author":"TG Schwan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.7.3181-3187.1999","article-title":"Effects of environmental pH on membrane proteins in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"67","author":"JA Carroll","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.02104.x","article-title":"Interdependence of environmental factors influencing reciprocal patterns of gene expression in virulent <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"37","author":"X Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6723","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.22.6723-6727.2003","article-title":"<italic>aadA<\/italic> confers streptomycin-resistance in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"185","author":"KL Frank","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05593.x","article-title":"Artificial regulation of <italic>ospC<\/italic> expression in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"63","author":"MA Gilbert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02256.x","article-title":"Isolation of a circular plasmid region sufficient for autonomous replication and transformation of infectious <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"39","author":"P Stewart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.10.2909-2918.2000","article-title":"Altered stationary-phase response in a <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi rpoS<\/italic> mutant","volume":"182","author":"AF Elias","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-5-1161","article-title":"Insertion of fluorescent fatty acid probes into the outer membranes of the pathogenic spirochaetes <italic>Treponema pallidum<\/italic> and <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"147","author":"DL Cox","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01698.x","article-title":"A bacterial genome in flux: the twelve linear and nine circular extrachromosomal DNAs in an infectious isolate of the Lyme disease spirochete <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"35","author":"S Casjens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.8.2287-2298.1996","article-title":"Circular and linear plasmids of Lyme disease spirochetes have extensive homology: characterization of a repeated DNA element","volume":"178","author":"WR Z\u00fcckert","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2006\/004424-0","article-title":"Genetic and physiological characterization of the <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> ORF BB0374-<italic>pfs<\/italic>-<italic>metK<\/italic>-<italic>luxS<\/italic> operon","volume":"153","author":"SP Riley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5149","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00673-09","article-title":"Overexpression of CsrA (BB0184) alters the morphology and antigen profiles of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"77","author":"E Sanjuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80206-8","article-title":"Antigenic variation in Lyme disease borreliae by promiscuous recombination of VMP-like sequence cassettes","volume":"89","author":"J-R Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3698","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.8.3698-3704.1998","article-title":"Genetic variation of the <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> gene <italic>vlsE<\/italic> involves cassette-specific, segmental gene conversion","volume":"66","author":"J-R Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11684","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2032956100","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia<\/italic> oxidative stress response regulator, BosR: a distinctive Zn-dependent transcriptional activator","volume":"100","author":"JA Boylan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06951.x","article-title":"The BosR regulatory protein of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> interfaces with the RpoS regulatory pathway and modulates both homeostatic and pathogenic properties of the Lyme disease spirochete","volume":"74","author":"JA Hyde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06945.x","article-title":"BosR (BB0647) governs virulence expression in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"74","author":"Z Ouyang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2004.12.002","article-title":"Carbohydrate utilization by the Lyme borreliosis spirochete, <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"243","author":"K von Lackum","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0118063","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118063","article-title":"Characterization of the Rel<sub>Bbu<\/sub> regulon in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> reveals modulation of glycerol metabolism by (p)ppGpp","volume":"10","author":"JV Bugrysheva","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12882","article-title":"Stage-specific global alterations in the transcriptomes of Lyme disease spirochetes during tick feeding and following mammalian host adaptation","volume":"95","author":"R Iyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.4231796.x","article-title":"Proteolysis of the phage \u03bb CII regulatory protein by FtsH (HflB) of <italic>Escherichia coli<\/italic>","volume":"24","author":"Y Shotland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5544","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.11.5544","article-title":"Host regulation of lysogenic decision in bacteriophage \u03bb: transmembrane modulation of FtsH (HflB), the cII degrading protease, by HflKC (HflA)","volume":"94","author":"A Kihara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38171","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038171","article-title":"Effect of levels of acetate on the mevalonate pathway of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"7","author":"TA Van Laar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7985","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.23.7985-7995.2005","article-title":"Demonstration of cotranscription and 1-methyl-3-nitroso-nitroguanidine induction of a 30-gene operon of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>: evidence that the 32-kilobase circular plasmids are prophages","volume":"187","author":"H Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"365","article-title":"Bacteriophages of spirochetes","volume":"2","author":"CH Eggers","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5779","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06916.x","article-title":"The mechanism of the stringent control of \u03bb plasmid DNA replication","volume":"13","author":"A Szalewska-Pa\u0142asz","year":"1994","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9907","article-title":"Regulation of bacteriophage \u03bb development by guanosine 5&apos;-diphosphate-3&apos;-diphosphate","volume":"262","author":"M S\u0142ominska","year":"1999","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.11.2878-2888.2002","article-title":"Intramolecular regulation of the opposing (p)ppGpp catalytic activities of Rel<sub>Seq<\/sub>, the Rel\/Spo enzyme from <italic>Streptococcus equisimilis<\/italic>","volume":"184","author":"U Mechold","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00260-0","article-title":"Conformational antagonism between opposing active sites in a bifunctional RelA\/SpoT homolog modulates (p)ppGpp metabolism during the stringent response","volume":"117","author":"T Hogg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01195-08","article-title":"Bacteria possessing two RelA\/SpoT-like proteins have evolved a specific stringent response involving the acyl carrier protein-SpoT interaction","volume":"191","author":"A Battesti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11640","DOI":"10.1021\/bi001256k","article-title":"Differential regulation of opposing Rel<sub>Mtb<\/sub> activities by the aminoacylation state of a tRNA-ribosome-mRNA-Rel<sub>Mtb<\/sub> complex","volume":"39","author":"D Avarbock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9913","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0505316","article-title":"Functional regulation of the opposing (p)ppGpp synthetase\/hydrolase activities of Rel<sub>Mtb<\/sub> from <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/italic>","volume":"44","author":"A Avarbock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4101","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00313a014","article-title":"Kinetic mechanism of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase from <italic>Propionibacterium freudenreichii<\/italic>","volume":"23","author":"BL Bertagnolli","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(91)80711-B","article-title":"Pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase, an anaerobic glycolytic enzyme?","volume":"285","author":"E Mertens","year":"1991","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05838.x","article-title":"Metabolic control of the <italic>Escherichia coli<\/italic> universal stress protein response through fructose-6-phosphate","volume":"65","author":"O Persson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1999.1446","article-title":"Expression, characterization, and crystallization of the pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructo-1-kinase of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"371","author":"Z Deng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch of Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.023986-0","article-title":"<italic>Sphaerochaeta globosa<\/italic> gen. nov., sp. nov. and <italic>Sphaerochaeta pleomorpha<\/italic> sp. nov., free-living, spherical spirochaetes","volume":"62","author":"KM Ritalahti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00025-12","article-title":"The chimeric genome of <italic>Sphaerochaeta<\/italic>: nonspiral spirochetes that break with the prevalent dogma in spirochete biology","volume":"3","author":"A Caro-Quintero","year":"2012","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.032667699","article-title":"DNA microarray analysis of differential gene expression in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>, the Lyme disease spirochete","volume":"99","author":"AT Revel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.4.1689-1705.2003","article-title":"Profiling of temperature-induced changes in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> gene expression by using whole genome arrays","volume":"71","author":"C Ojaimi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06621.x","article-title":"Rrp1, a cyclic-di-GMP-producing response regulator, is an important regulator of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> core cellular functions","volume":"71","author":"EA Rogers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2009.01.007","article-title":"Bacterial nucleotide-based second messengers","volume":"12","author":"C Pesavento","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.61.080706.093426","article-title":"Roles of cyclic diguanylate in the regulation of bacterial pathogenesis","volume":"61","author":"R Tamayo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2009.00635.x","article-title":"Identification and molecular characterization of a cyclic-di-GMP effector protein, PlzA (BB0733): additional evidence for the existence of a functional cyclic-di-GMP regulatory network in the Lyme disease spirochete, <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"58","author":"JC Freedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00056","article-title":"The cyclic-di-GMP signaling pathway in the Lyme disease spirochete, <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"4","author":"EA Novak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00315-15","article-title":"Cyclic di-GMP modulates gene expression in Lyme disease spirochetes at the tick-mammal interface to promote spirochete survival during the blood meal and tick-to-mammal transmission","volume":"83","author":"MJ Caimano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01238-13","article-title":"Cyclic di-GMP receptor PlzA controls virulence gene expression through RpoS in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"82","author":"M He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05860.x","article-title":"Analysis of the RpoS regulon in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> in response to mammalian host signals provides insight into RpoS function during the enzootic cycle","volume":"65","author":"MJ Caimano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.5.1792-1798.2005","article-title":"Cyclic diguanylate is a ubiquitous signaling molecule in bacteria: insights into biochemistry of the GGDEF protein domain","volume":"187","author":"DA Ryjenkov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07191.x","article-title":"Analysis of a <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> phosphodiesterase demonstrates a role for cyclic-di-guanosine monophosphate in motility and virulence","volume":"77","author":"SZ Sultan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03999-14","article-title":"Novel functions of (p)ppGpp and cyclic di-GMP in mycobacterial physiology revealed by phenotype microarray analysis of wild-type and isogenic strains of <italic>Mycobacterium smegmatis<\/italic>","volume":"81","author":"KR Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06971.x","article-title":"Who is the BosR around here anyway?","volume":"74","author":"DS Samuels","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001272","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001272","article-title":"BosR (BB0647) controls the RpoN-RpoS regulatory pathway and virulence expression in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> by a novel DNA-binding mechanism","volume":"7","author":"Z Ouyang","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.075655-0","article-title":"Identification of a core sequence for the binding of BosR to the <italic>rpoS<\/italic> promoter region in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"160","author":"Z Ouyang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00050-13","article-title":"Study of the response regulator Rrp1 reveals its regulatory role in chitobiose utilization and virulence of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"81","author":"CW Sze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11001","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1834315100","article-title":"The response regulator Rrp2 is essential for the expression of major membrane lipoproteins in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"100","author":"XF Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001104","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001104","article-title":"Role of acetyl-phosphate in activation of the Rrp2-RpoN-RpoS pathway in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"6","author":"H Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-011112-112140","article-title":"Genetics of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"46","author":"D Brisson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2013.05.002","article-title":"Peaceful coexistence amongst <italic>Borrelia<\/italic> plasmids: getting by with a little help from their friends?","volume":"70","author":"G Chaconas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.024604-0","article-title":"The <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> outer-surface protein ErpX binds mammalian laminin","volume":"155","author":"CA Brissette","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00227-09","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> RevA antigen binds host fibronectin","volume":"77","author":"CA Brissette","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.01127.x","article-title":"Identification of a 47 kDa fibronectin-binding protein expressed by <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> isolate B31","volume":"30","author":"WS Probert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref127","article-title":"The BBA33 lipoprotein binds collagen and impacts <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> pathogenesis","author":"H Zhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0940-9_3","article-title":"Adhesion mechanisms of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"715","author":"S Antonara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2013.06.005","article-title":"Illuminating the roles of the <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> adhesins","volume":"21","author":"J Coburn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00041","article-title":"That&apos;s my story, and I&apos;m sticking to it\u2014an update on <italic>B<\/italic>. <italic>burgdorferi<\/italic> adhesins","volume":"4","author":"CA Brissette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.9.3467-3472.1995","article-title":"Adherence of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> to the proteoglycan decorin","volume":"63","author":"BP Guo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-82","article-title":"Assessment of decorin-binding protein A to the infectivity of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> in the murine models of needle and tick infection","volume":"8","author":"JS Blevins","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00897-07","article-title":"Both decorin-binding proteins A and B are critical for the overall virulence of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"76","author":"Y Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5694","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00690-08","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> lacking DbpBA exhibits an early survival defect during experimental infection","volume":"76","author":"EH Weening","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738109350438","article-title":"The basic science of articular cartilage: structure, composition, and function","volume":"1","author":"AJS Fox","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12724","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231442498","article-title":"Expression of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> OspC and DbpA is controlled by a RpoN-RpoS regulatory pathway","volume":"98","author":"A H\u00fcbner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408536102","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> \u03c3<sup>54<\/sup> is required for mammalian infection and vector transmission but not for tick colonization","volume":"102","author":"MA Fisher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2008\/019992-0","article-title":"Transcriptional interplay among the regulators Rrp2, RpoN and RpoS in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"154","author":"Z Ouyang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3689","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.8.3689-3697.1998","article-title":"Kinetics and in vivo induction of genetic variation of <italic>vlsE<\/italic> in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"66","author":"J-R Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.3.1580-1586.2004","article-title":"Dissolved oxygen levels alter gene expression and antigen profiles in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"72","author":"J Seshu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4879","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00229-06","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of the <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> antigenically variable VlsE surface protein","volume":"188","author":"T Bykowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.9.3079-3087.2005","article-title":"Synthesis of autoinducer 2 by the Lyme disease spirochete, <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"187","author":"K Babb","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02511.x","article-title":"Increased expression of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi vlsE<\/italic> in response to human endothelial cell membranes","volume":"41","author":"CR Hudson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4636","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611650104","article-title":"Regulation of the stringent response is the essential function of the conserved bacterial G protein CgtA in <italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/italic>","volume":"104","author":"DM Raskin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(03)00037-7","article-title":"Function of the universally conserved bacterial GTPases","volume":"6","author":"CE Caldon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06767.x","article-title":"The ObgE\/CgtA GTPase influences the stringent response to amino acid starvation in <italic>Escherichia coli<\/italic>","volume":"73","author":"NS Persky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7308","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.23.7308-7313.1999","article-title":"Molecular evidence for a new bacteriophage of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"181","author":"CH Eggers","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4771","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.16.4771-4778.2001","article-title":"Transduction by \u03d5BB-1, a bacteriophage of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"183","author":"CH Eggers","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6791","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.23.6791-6797.2000","article-title":"Characterization of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> BlyA and BlyB proteins: a prophage-encoded holin-like system","volume":"182","author":"CJ Damman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43785","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208768200","article-title":"Multiple mechanisms of transcription inhibition by ppGpp at the \u03bb<italic>p<\/italic><sub>R<\/sub> promoter","volume":"277","author":"K Potrykus","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19860","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M313378200","article-title":"Direct stimulation of the \u03bb<italic>paQ<\/italic> promoter by the transcription effector guanosine-3&apos;,5&apos;-(bis)pyrophosphate in a defined <italic>in vitro<\/italic> system","volume":"279","author":"K Potrykus","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13865","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.25.13865","article-title":"Correlation between plasmid content and infectivity in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"97","author":"JE Purser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref153","first-page":"521","article-title":"Isolation and cultivation of Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"57","author":"AG Barbour","year":"1984","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"ref154","first-page":"253","article-title":"Electroporation Protocols for Microorganisms","author":"DS Samuels","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5159","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.17.5159-5163.1996","article-title":"Interaction of the <italic>trp<\/italic> RNA-binding attenuation protein (TRAP) of <italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/italic> with RNA: effects of the number of GAG repeats, the nucleotides separating adjacent repeats, and RNA secondary structure","volume":"178","author":"P Babitzke","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031960","article-title":"Essential role for OspA\/B in the life cycle of the Lyme disease spirochete","volume":"199","author":"XF Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07374.x","article-title":"Identification and function of the RNA chaperone Hfq in the Lyme disease spirochete <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"78","author":"MC Lybecker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68799","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068799","article-title":"An inverted repeat in the <italic>ospC<\/italic> operator is required for induction in <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>","volume":"8","author":"D Drecktrah","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.382-388.2000","article-title":"Temporal changes in outer surface proteins A and C of the Lyme disease-associated spirochete, <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>, during the chain of infection in ticks and mice","volume":"38","author":"TG Schwan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.00996.x","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia burgdorferi malQ<\/italic> mutants utilize disaccharides and traverse the enzootic cycle","volume":"66","author":"LL Hoon-Hanks","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6231","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00450-09","article-title":"GuaA and GuaB are essential for <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> survival in the tick-mouse infection cycle","volume":"191","author":"MW Jewett","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref162","first-page":"359","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia<\/italic>: Molecular Biology, Host Interaction and Pathogenesis","author":"SW Barthold","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1251\/bpo141","article-title":"Optimized two-dimensional thin layer chromatography to monitor the intracellular concentration of acetyl phosphate and other small phosphorylated molecules","volume":"10","author":"DH Keating","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Proced Online"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.8.2658-2667.1997","article-title":"Characterization of the stringent and relaxed responses of <italic>Streptococcus equisimilis<\/italic>","volume":"179","author":"U Mechold","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2008.07.004","article-title":"Evaluation of isolation methods and RNA integrity for bacterial RNA quantitation","volume":"75","author":"CE Jahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315974111","article-title":"The double-stranded transcriptome of <italic>Escherichia coli<\/italic>","volume":"111","author":"M Lybecker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt468","article-title":"NextGenMap: fast and accurate read mapping in highly polymorphic genomes","volume":"29","author":"FJ Sedlazeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt656","article-title":"featureCounts: an efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features","volume":"30","author":"Y Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-15-233","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia<\/italic>Base: a phylogeny-centered browser of <italic>Borrelia<\/italic> genomes","volume":"15","author":"L Di","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu362","article-title":"CODOC: efficient access, analysis and compression of depth of coverage signals","volume":"30","author":"N Popitsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005242","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]],"date-time":"2015-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444953600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005160","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T04:31:29Z","timestamp":1718080289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005160"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jenifer","family":"Coburn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]]},"references-count":170,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005160","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]]}}}