{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:20:32Z","timestamp":1792714832654,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]],"date-time":"2016-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 AR063020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 AR063020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI022553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI022553"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI047868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI047868"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-0707424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-0707424"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]],"date-time":"2016-06-29T22:06:19Z","timestamp":1467237979000},"page":"e1005705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["S100A12 Is Part of the Antimicrobial Network against Mycobacterium leprae in Human Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Realegeno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kindra M.","family":"Kelly-Scumpia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angeline Tilly","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosane","family":"Teles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip T.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjam","family":"Schenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5144-2552","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ernest Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan W.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard C. L.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euzenir N.","family":"Sarno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Rea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria T.","family":"Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Modlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5428","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5428.732","article-title":"Host defense mechanisms triggered by microbial lipoproteins through toll-like receptors","volume":"285","author":"HD Brightbill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3804","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.7.3804","article-title":"Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 on human denritic cells triggers induction of IL-12 but not IL-10","volume":"165","author":"S Thoma-Uszynski","year":"2000","journal-title":"JImmunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.1.518","article-title":"Cytokine secretion by CD4 T lymphocytes acquired in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"151","author":"IM Orme","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md: 1950)"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.6.2249","article-title":"An essential role for interferon gamma in resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"178","author":"JL Flynn","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Journal of experimental medicine"},{"issue":"6126","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1233665","article-title":"Type I interferon suppresses type II interferon-triggered human anti-mycobacterial responses","volume":"339","author":"RM Teles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5768","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123933","article-title":"Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response","volume":"311","author":"PT Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"104","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104ra2","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003045","article-title":"Vitamin D Is Required for IFN-gamma-Mediated Antimicrobial Activity of Human Macrophages","volume":"3","author":"M Fabri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science translational medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a018507","article-title":"Cell-autonomous effector mechanisms against mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"JD MacMicking","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"559","article-title":"WGCNA: an R package for weighted correlation network analysis","volume":"9","author":"P Langfelder","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMCBioinformatics"},{"issue":"250","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250ra114","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009546","article-title":"IL-32 is a molecular marker of a host defense network in human tuberculosis","volume":"6","author":"D Montoya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science translational medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref11","first-page":"448","article-title":"Many chemokines including CCL20\/MIP-3alpha display antimicrobial activity","volume":"74","author":"D Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"JLeukocBiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58129","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058129","article-title":"Human chemokines as antimicrobial peptides with direct parasiticidal effect on Leishmania mexicana in vitro","volume":"8","author":"SK Sobirk","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6631","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.12.6631-6636.1999","article-title":"Calgranulin C has filariacidal and filariastatic activity","volume":"67","author":"JD Gottsch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1995.1127","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of calprotectin isolated from human empyema fluid supernatants","volume":"76","author":"V Santhanagopalan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clinical immunology and immunopathology"},{"issue":"6030","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201711","article-title":"A family of IFN-gamma-inducible 65-kD GTPases protects against bacterial infection","volume":"332","author":"BH Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.22482","article-title":"Autophagy restricts Chlamydia trachomatis growth in human macrophages via IFNG-inducible guanylate binding proteins","volume":"9","author":"MA Al-Zeer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00028-08","article-title":"The human CXC chemokine granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 (GCP-2)\/CXCL6 possesses membrane-disrupting properties and is antibacterial","volume":"52","author":"HM Linge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1142","article-title":"Antimicrobial psoriasin (S100A7) protects human skin from Escherichia coli infection","volume":"6","author":"R Glaser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature immunology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700946","article-title":"S100A15, an antimicrobial protein of the skin: regulation by E. coli through Toll-like receptor 4","volume":"127","author":"AS Buchau","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.09.007","article-title":"IFN-inducible GTPases in host cell defense","volume":"12","author":"BH Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.07112.x","article-title":"The expression of RAGE and EN-RAGE in leprosy","volume":"154","author":"MH Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"The British journal of dermatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00544-15","article-title":"The Human Antimicrobial Protein Calgranulin C Participates in Control of Helicobacter pylori Growth and Regulation of Virulence","volume":"83","author":"KP Haley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SC03655K","article-title":"Calcium Ions Tune the Zinc-Sequestering Properties and Antimicrobial Activity of Human S100A12","volume":"7","author":"LS Cunden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2003.10.004","article-title":"Absence of S100A12 in mouse: implications for RAGE-S100A12 interaction","volume":"24","author":"G Fuellen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-008-0097-7","article-title":"Human S100A12: a novel key player in inflammation?","volume":"36","author":"J Pietzsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7115","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.10.7115","article-title":"IL-15 links TLR2\/1-induced macrophage differentiation to the vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial pathway","volume":"181","author":"SR Krutzik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of immunology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201209-1602OC","article-title":"Proinflammatory S100A12 can activate human monocytes via Toll-like receptor 4","volume":"187","author":"D Foell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2003.08.021","article-title":"The regulation of EN-RAGE (S100A12) gene expression in human THP-1 macrophages","volume":"171","author":"T Hasegawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5810","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005810","article-title":"Convergence of IL-1beta and VDR activation pathways in human TLR2\/1-induced antimicrobial responses","volume":"4","author":"PT Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R56","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr2615","article-title":"ImmunoRatio: a publicly available web application for quantitative image analysis of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Ki-67","volume":"12","author":"VJ Tuominen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1107\/S090744490001458X","article-title":"The three-dimensional structure of human S100A12","volume":"57","author":"OV Moroz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta crystallographica Section D, Biological crystallography"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6720","DOI":"10.1021\/ja200079a","article-title":"Criterion for amino acid composition of defensins and antimicrobial peptides based on geometry of membrane destabilization","volume":"133","author":"NW Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"issue":"46","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19207","DOI":"10.1021\/ja308459j","article-title":"Molecular basis for nanoscopic membrane curvature generation from quantum mechanical models and synthetic transporter sequences","volume":"134","author":"NW Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","first-page":"546","article-title":"Replication dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in chronically infected mice","volume":"73","author":"EJ Munoz-Elias","year":"2005","journal-title":"InfectImmun"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref35","first-page":"2124","article-title":"Molecular determination of Mycobacterium leprae viability by use of real-time PCR","volume":"47","author":"AN Martinez","year":"2009","journal-title":"JClinMicrobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2584","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 targets the vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial pathway in leprosy","volume":"18","author":"PT Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80801-6","article-title":"RAGE mediates a novel proinflammatory axis: a central cell surface receptor for S100\/calgranulin polypeptides","volume":"97","author":"MA Hofmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6616(02)00043-8","article-title":"The calcium-binding protein S100A12 induces neutrophil adhesion, migration, and release from bone marrow in mouse at concentrations similar to those found in human inflammatory arthritis","volume":"107","author":"P Rouleau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla)"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.69.6.986","article-title":"Proinflammatory properties of the human S100 protein S100A12","volume":"69","author":"Z Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg385","article-title":"Expression of the pro-inflammatory protein S100A12 (EN-RAGE) in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis","volume":"42","author":"D Foell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.6.847","article-title":"Neutrophil derived human S100A12 (EN-RAGE) is strongly expressed during chronic active inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"52","author":"D Foell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00005-2.x","article-title":"Calgranulin C is overexpressed in lesional psoriasis","volume":"114","author":"A Mirmohammadsadegh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"31","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18991","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R115.645085","article-title":"Nutritional Immunity: S100 Proteins at the Host-Pathogen Interface","volume":"290","author":"JP Zackular","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2008.12.003","article-title":"AMPed up immunity: how antimicrobial peptides have multiple roles in immune defense","volume":"30","author":"Y Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0306170","article-title":"S100 proteins expressed in phagocytes: a novel group of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules","volume":"81","author":"D Foell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01501.x","article-title":"Calprotectin (MRP8\/14 protein complex) release during mycobacterial infection in vitro and in vivo","volume":"29","author":"DV Pechkovsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"701","article-title":"Molecular cloning, occurrence, and expression of a novel partially secreted protein "psorasin" that is highly up-regulated in psoriatic skin","volume":"97","author":"P Madsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"JInvestDermatol"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0148fje","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of alternatively spliced mRNA isoforms from psoriatic skin encoding a novel member of the S100 family","volume":"17","author":"R Wolf","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB journal: official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh025","article-title":"APD: the Antimicrobial Peptide Database","volume":"32","author":"Z Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp101","article-title":"ClueGO: a Cytoscape plug-in to decipher functionally grouped gene ontology and pathway annotation networks","volume":"25","author":"G Bindea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"IL-22 inhibits intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by enhancing calgranulin A expression","author":"R Dhiman","year":"2013","journal-title":"JInfectDis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1246","article-title":"TLR activation triggers the rapid differentiation of monocytes into macrophages and dendritic cells","volume":"11","author":"SR Krutzik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"All-Trans Retinoic Acid-Triggered Antimicrobial Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Dependent on NPC2","author":"M Wheelwright","year":"2014","journal-title":"JImmunol"},{"issue":"41","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16883","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108795108","article-title":"Translocation of HIV TAT peptide and analogues induced by multiplexed membrane and cytoskeletal interactions","volume":"108","author":"A Mishra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"0","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1039\/fs9821700109","article-title":"Hydrophobic moments and protein structure","volume":"17","author":"D Eisenberg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Faraday Symposia of the Chemical Society"}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005705","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T02:22:38Z","timestamp":1692411758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005705"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Padmini","family":"Salgame","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005705","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]]}}}