{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T16:40:33Z","timestamp":1788972033836,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006122","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,9]],"date-time":"2017-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483920000000}}],"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,27]],"date-time":"2016-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001030","name":"National Heart Foundation of Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1044023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1044023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1037304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1037304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1083548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1083548"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,9]],"date-time":"2017-01-09T23:01:47Z","timestamp":1484002907000},"page":"e1006122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Streptococcal Immunity Is Constrained by Lack of Immunological Memory following a Single Episode of Pyoderma"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Manisha","family":"Pandey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Ozberk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainslie","family":"Calcutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Langshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Rivera-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5958-4942","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mei-Fong","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Philips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Batzloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael F.","family":"Good","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Epidemiological analysis of immunity against vaccine-preventable diseases: rubella, measles, mumps and chickenpox","volume":"126","author":"S Buxbaum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"139","article-title":"Pathogenic aspects of measles virus infections","volume":"15","author":"S Schneider-Schaulies","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Virol Suppl"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12754","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01763-10","article-title":"Antiviral immunity following smallpox virus infection: a case-control study","volume":"84","author":"E Hammarlund","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000160914.59160.41","article-title":"Duration of immunity against pertussis after natural infection or vaccination","volume":"24","author":"AM Wendelboe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07231","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies derived from the B cells of 1918 influenza pandemic survivors","volume":"455","author":"X Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.12.008","article-title":"Regulation of germinal center responses, memory B cells and plasma cell formation-an update","volume":"39","author":"LM Corcoran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70267-X","article-title":"The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases","volume":"5","author":"JR Carapetis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807008655","article-title":"The dynamic nature of group A streptococcal epidemiology in tropical communities with high rates of rheumatic heart disease","volume":"136","author":"MI McDonald","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.6.1471-1472.1995","article-title":"Multiple strains of Streptococcus pyogenes in skin sores of aboriginal Australians","volume":"33","author":"J Carapetis","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90797-7","article-title":"Group A streptococcus, pyoderma, and rheumatic fever","volume":"347","author":"JR Carapetis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749609080000","article-title":"Towards understanding the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever","volume":"25","author":"JR Carapetis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283511d27","article-title":"Streptococcal skin infection and rheumatic heart disease","volume":"25","author":"T Parks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0185","article-title":"Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in the Northern Territory of Australia: a review of 16 years data and comparison with the literature","volume":"85","author":"CS Marshall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143394.x","article-title":"Childhood post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis as a risk factor for chronic renal disease in later life","volume":"174","author":"AV White","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.1.2","article-title":"Invasive Group a Streptococcus Infections","volume":"14","author":"DL Stevens","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"148","article-title":"Invasive group A streptococcal disease in North Queensland (1996\u20132001)","volume":"119","author":"R Norton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2648","article-title":"Molecular insight into invasive group A streptococcal disease","volume":"9","author":"JN Cole","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04967.x","article-title":"Domains of group A streptococcal M-protein that confer resistance to phagocytosis, opsonization and protection: implications for vaccine development","volume":"59","author":"JD McArthur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.08.037","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Group A Streptococcus M-protein: implications for typing and vaccine development","volume":"26","author":"PR Smeesters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.89.3.307","article-title":"Current knowledge of type-specific M antigens of group A streptococci","volume":"89","author":"RC Lancefield","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107638","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107638","article-title":"Sortase A induces Th17-mediated and antibody-independent immunity to heterologous serotypes of group A streptococci","volume":"9","author":"X Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E222","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12134","article-title":"Updated model of group A Streptococcus M-proteins based on a comprehensive worldwide study","volume":"19","author":"DJ McMillan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI101478","article-title":"The Occurrence of Bacteriostatic Properties in the Blood of Patients after Recovery from Streptococcal Pharyngitis","volume":"23","author":"AG Kuttner","year":"1944","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.82.2.93","article-title":"Bacteriostatic Effect of Human Sera on Group a Streptococci: I. Type-Specific Antibodies in Sera of Patients Convalescing from Group a Streptococcal Pharyngitis","volume":"82","author":"S Rothbard","year":"1945","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"347","article-title":"Studies on immunity to streptococcal infections in man","volume":"86","author":"LW Wannamaker","year":"1953","journal-title":"AMA Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.110.2.271","article-title":"Persistence of type-specific antibodies in man following infection with group A streptococci","volume":"110","author":"RC Lancefield","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1086\/605673","article-title":"Determination of group a streptococcal anti-M type-specific antibody in sera of rheumatic fever patients after 45 years","volume":"49","author":"JF Bencivenga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.10.6.1356-1361.1974","article-title":"Type-specific opsonic antibodies in streptococcal pyoderma","volume":"10","author":"AL Bisno","year":"1974","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106358","article-title":"The influence of the site of infection on the immune response to group A streptococci","volume":"49","author":"EL Kaplan","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e554","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000554","article-title":"A regional initiative to reduce skin infections amongst aboriginal children living in remote communities of the Northern Territory, Australia","volume":"3","author":"RM Andrews","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5915","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500157","article-title":"A synthetic M-protein peptide synergizes with a CXC chemokine protease to induce vaccine-mediated protection against virulent streptococcal pyoderma and bacteremia","volume":"194","author":"M Pandey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6587","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.6587-6594.2000","article-title":"Protective and nonprotective epitopes from amino termini of M-proteins from Australian aboriginal isolates and reference strains of group A streptococci","volume":"68","author":"ER Brandt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3364","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501994","article-title":"Combinatorial Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Strategy Protects against Hypervirulent CovR\/S Mutant Streptococci","volume":"196","author":"M Pandey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5147","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005147","article-title":"Mechanism of protection induced by group A Streptococcus vaccine candidate J8-DT: contribution of B and T-cells towards protection","volume":"4","author":"M Pandey","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-754.x","article-title":"Opsonic human antibodies from an endemic population specific for a conserved epitope on the M-protein of group A streptococci","volume":"89","author":"ER Brandt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.06.042","article-title":"Impact of immunization against SpyCEP during invasive disease with two streptococcal species: Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus equi","volume":"27","author":"CE Turner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/147.1.1","article-title":"Factors influencing antibody responses to streptococcal M-proteins in humans","volume":"147","author":"AE Flores","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(52)90108-3","article-title":"Infection and reinfcetion by hemolytic streptococci in early childhood","volume":"13","author":"LA Rantz","year":"1952","journal-title":"The American Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1825-3_56","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in tropical Australia","volume":"418","author":"JR Carapetis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.6.1448-1452.1996","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of impetiginous group A streptococcal infections in aboriginal communities of northern Australia","volume":"34","author":"DL Gardiner","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.5.2373-2383.2003","article-title":"Potential of lipid core peptide technology as a novel self-adjuvanting vaccine delivery system for multiple different synthetic peptide immunogens","volume":"71","author":"C Olive","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072683","article-title":"Evidence for HIV-associated B cell exhaustion in a dysfunctional memory B cell compartment in HIV-infected viremic individuals","volume":"205","author":"S Moir","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901297","article-title":"Atypical memory B cells are greatly expanded in individuals living in a malaria-endemic area","volume":"183","author":"GE Weiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2005.05.006","article-title":"Is plasminogen deployed as a Streptococcus pyogenes virulence factor?","volume":"13","author":"MJ Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.1.364-370.2004","article-title":"Plasminogen binding by group A streptococcal isolates from a region of hyperendemicity for streptococcal skin infection and a high incidence of invasive infection","volume":"72","author":"FC McKay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1086\/603541","article-title":"Emerging role of the interleukin-8 cleaving enzyme SpyCEP in clinical Streptococcus pyogenes infection","volume":"200","author":"CE Turner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1086\/377700","article-title":"Immune response to group A streptococcal C5a peptidase in children: implications for vaccine development","volume":"188","author":"A Shet","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1086\/498618","article-title":"Group A streptococcus (GAS) carbohydrate as an immunogen for protection against GAS infection","volume":"193","author":"H Sabharwal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M508758200","article-title":"Divergence in the plasminogen-binding group a streptococcal M-protein family: functional conservation of binding site and potential role for immune selection of variants","volume":"281","author":"M Sanderson-Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4102","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004102","article-title":"A naturally occurring mutation in ropB suppresses SpeB expression and reduces M1T1 group A streptococcal systemic virulence","volume":"3","author":"A Hollands","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(96)00146-9","article-title":"Limiting dilution analysis of virus-specific memory B cells by an ELISPOT assay","volume":"199","author":"MK Slifka","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202333","article-title":"Long-Term Antibody Memory Induced by Synthetic Peptide Vaccination Is Protective against Streptococcus pyogenes Infection and Is Independent of Memory T Cell Help","volume":"190","author":"M Pandey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006122","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,9]],"date-time":"2017-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483920000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006122","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T17:10:14Z","timestamp":1692637814000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006122"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Wessels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,27]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006122","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006122","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,27]]}}}