{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:30:00Z","timestamp":1790267400263,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007715","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556582400000}}],"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]],"date-time":"2019-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UO-1DK082866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UO-1DK082866"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AI-47519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI-47519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30DK5036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK5036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M01-RR00040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M01-RR00040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK 082043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK 082043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK082863"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK082863"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK082866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK082866"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK082874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK082874"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK 082872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK 082872"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK082919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK082919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK082923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK082923"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK082944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK082944"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIDDK Center of Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases","award":["P30DK50306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK50306"]}]},{"name":"NIH Public Health Service Research Grant","award":["M01-RR00040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M01-RR00040"]}]},{"name":"VA Merit Review","award":["BX000649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX000649"]}]},{"name":"NCATS (National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH","award":["UL1TR000058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000058"]}]},{"name":"CTSA","award":["UL1TR000004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000004"]}]},{"name":"CTSA","award":["UL1TR00224002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR00224002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences, Inc.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CRADA through the NIDDK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRADA through the NIDDK"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Roche Molecular Systems","award":["CRADA through the NIDDK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRADA through the NIDDK"]}]},{"name":"An interagency agreement with NIDDK Lilia M. Ganova-Raeva, PhD.","award":["A-DK-3002-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A-DK-3002-001"]}]},{"name":"Support from the intramural program, NIDDK, NIH Marc G. Ghany, MD"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006379","name":"Office of Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006379","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center in Philadelphia"},{"name":"The Philadelphia Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK082864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK082864"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK082867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK082867"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK082871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK082871"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK082927"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK082927"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK082943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK082943"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]],"date-time":"2019-04-18T17:47:17Z","timestamp":1555609637000},"page":"e1007715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Distinct phenotype and function of circulating V\u03b41+ and V\u03b42+ \u03b3\u03b4T-cells in acute and chronic hepatitis B"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6811-9364","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyong-Mi","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0195-5525","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Traum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jang-June","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Ojiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3310-3538","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David K.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdus S.","family":"Wahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norah A.","family":"Terrault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9178-9139","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mandana","family":"Khalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Sterling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry L. A.","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret C.","family":"Shuhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daryl T.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7885-8574","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lewis R.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7931-494X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Geoffrey S.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Betts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William M.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna S. F.","family":"Lok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Hepatitis B Research Network (HBRN)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28025","article-title":"Present and future therapies of hepatitis B: From discovery to cure","volume":"62","author":"TJ Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21627","article-title":"Management of hepatitis B: summary of a clinical research workshop","volume":"45","author":"JH Hoofnagle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22881","article-title":"Hepatitis B: the virus and disease","volume":"49","author":"TJ Liang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100230","article-title":"Immunobiology and pathogenesis of viral hepatitis","volume":"1","author":"LG Guidotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(03)00137-5","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B","volume":"39","author":"C Ferrari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2009.11.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"58","author":"FV Chisari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pathologie-biologie"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1620","article-title":"The host-pathogen interaction during HBV infection: immunological controversies","volume":"15","author":"A Bertoletti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27323","article-title":"Immunological aspects of antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections","volume":"61","author":"B Rehermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2016.07.013","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis B: immune pathogenesis and emerging immunotherapeutics","volume":"30","author":"KM Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.11.050","article-title":"Hepatitis B Virus-Specific and Global T-Cell Dysfunction in Chronic Hepatitis B","volume":"150","author":"JJ Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072076","article-title":"Functional skewing of the global CD8 T cell population in chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"205","author":"A Das","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3856","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of hepatitis B immunopathology by myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"21","author":"LJ Pallett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"5971","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/309757a0","article-title":"Complete primary structure of a heterodimeric T-cell receptor deduced from cDNA sequences","volume":"309","author":"H Saito","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6082","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/322836a0","article-title":"Diversity of murine gamma genes and expression in fetal and adult T lymphocytes","volume":"322","author":"JS Heilig","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2781","article-title":"Gammadelta T cell effector functions: a blend of innate programming and acquired plasticity","volume":"10","author":"M Bonneville","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"679","article-title":"Phosphoantigen Presentation to TCR gammadelta Cells, a Conundrum Getting Less Gray Zones","volume":"5","author":"G De Libero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in immunology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120216","article-title":"gammadelta T cells: first line of defense and beyond","volume":"32","author":"YH Chien","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00371","article-title":"Editorial: &quot;Recent Advances in Gamma\/Delta T Cell Biology: New Ligands, New Functions, and New Translational Perspectives&quot;","volume":"6","author":"D Kabelitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in immunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2000.4978","article-title":"Human gammadelta T cells express a higher TCR\/CD3 complex density than alphabeta T cells","volume":"98","author":"L Nicolas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.20005","article-title":"CD3 bright lymphocyte population reveal gammadelta T cells","volume":"61","author":"C Lambert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cytometry Part B, Clinical cytometry"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636889","article-title":"gammadelta-T cells expressing NK receptors predominate over NK cells and conventional T cells in the innate IFN-gamma response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"37","author":"MC D'Ombrain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2012.02705.x","article-title":"Downregulation of CD94\/NKG2A inhibitory receptor on decreased gammadelta T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"76","author":"L Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0710413","article-title":"NKG2A inhibits NKG2C effector functions of gammadelta T cells: implications in health and disease","volume":"89","author":"DF Angelini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"366","article-title":"Insights into the Relationship between Toll Like Receptors and Gamma Delta T Cell Responses","volume":"5","author":"AA Dar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in immunology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-05-430470","article-title":"Key implication of CD277\/butyrophilin-3 (BTN3A) in cellular stress sensing by a major human gammadelta T-cell subset","volume":"120","author":"C Harly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2665","article-title":"Butyrophilin 3A1 binds phosphorylated antigens and stimulates human gammadelta T cells","volume":"14","author":"S Vavassori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.03.003","article-title":"The intracellular B30.2 domain of butyrophilin 3A1 binds phosphoantigens to mediate activation of human Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells","volume":"40","author":"A Sandstrom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"688","article-title":"Sensing of Pyrophosphate Metabolites by Vgamma9Vdelta2 T Cells","volume":"5","author":"S Gu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.08.006","article-title":"Gammadelta T cells and the lymphoid stress-surveillance response","volume":"31","author":"AC Hayday","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00015","article-title":"Five Layers of Receptor Signaling in gammadelta T-Cell Differentiation and Activation","volume":"6","author":"ST Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in immunology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3904","article-title":"gammadelta T cells in cancer","volume":"15","author":"B Silva-Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00636","article-title":"Clinical applications of gamma delta T cells with multivalent immunity","volume":"5","author":"DC Deniger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in immunology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283244619","article-title":"Zoledronic acid and interleukin-2 treatment improves immunocompetence in HIV-infected persons by activating Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells","volume":"23","author":"F Poccia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2012.12.004","article-title":"Ex vivo characterization of gammadelta T-cell repertoire in patients after adoptive transfer of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells expressing the interleukin-2 receptor beta-chain and the common gamma-chain","volume":"15","author":"T Izumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01401","article-title":"Current Advances in gammadelta T Cell-Based Tumor Immunotherapy","volume":"8","author":"E Lo Presti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in immunology"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832ff1ff","article-title":"Natural viral suppressors of HIV-1 have a unique capacity to maintain gammadelta T cells","volume":"23","author":"DJ Riedel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"687","article-title":"gammadelta T Cells in HIV Disease: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"5","author":"CD Pauza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1993.1176","article-title":"Decreased blood TcR gamma delta+ lymphocytes in AIDS and p24-antigenemic HIV-1-infected patients","volume":"69","author":"F Hermier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clinical immunology and immunopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1089\/08892220360473934","article-title":"HIV-mediated gammadelta T cell depletion is specific for Vgamma2+ cells expressing the Jgamma1.2 segment","volume":"19","author":"PJ Enders","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS research and human retroviruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004702","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004702","article-title":"gammadelta T cells confer protection against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)","volume":"11","author":"C Khairallah","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-01-136713","article-title":"Long-term expansion of effector\/memory Vdelta2-gammadelta T cells is a specific blood signature of CMV infection","volume":"112","author":"V Pitard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1086\/322843","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection in transplant recipients resolves when circulating gammadelta T lymphocytes expand, suggesting a protective antiviral role","volume":"184","author":"X Lafarge","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6669","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401771101","article-title":"Genomic analysis of the host response to hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"101","author":"S Wieland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1086\/593065","article-title":"Characteristics of circulating T cell receptor gamma-delta T cells from individuals chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV): an association between V(delta)2 subtype and chronic HBV infection","volume":"198","author":"M Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit312","article-title":"Decreased Vdelta2 gammadelta T cells associated with liver damage by regulation of Th17 response in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"208","author":"X Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-012-9678-z","article-title":"Enhanced peripheral gammadeltaT cells cytotoxicity potential in patients with HBV-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure might contribute to the disease progression","volume":"32","author":"M Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88475","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088475","article-title":"TCRgammadelta(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) T cells suppress the CD8(+) T-cell response to hepatitis B virus peptides, and are associated with viral control in chronic hepatitis B","volume":"9","author":"Q Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2014.0133","article-title":"Increased Frequencies of Circulating IFN-gamma-Producing Vdelta1(+) and Vdelta2(+) gammadelta T Cells in Patients with Asymptomatic Persistent Hepatitis B Virus Infection","volume":"28","author":"MJ Conroy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303432","article-title":"gammadeltaT cells drive myeloid-derived suppressor cell-mediated CD8+ T cell exhaustion in hepatitis B virus-induced immunotolerance","volume":"193","author":"X Kong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Characteristics of Adults in the Hepatitis B Research Network in North America Reflect Their Country of Origin and Hepatitis B Virus Genotype","author":"MG Ghany","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology: the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000313","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000313","article-title":"Synergistic reversal of intrahepatic HCV-specific CD8 T cell exhaustion by combined PD-1\/CTLA-4 blockade","volume":"5","author":"N Nakamoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref52","first-page":"1437","article-title":"Suppression of HCV-specific T cells without differential hierarchy demonstrated ex vivo in persistent HCV infection","volume":"38","author":"K Sugimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2963-4_7","article-title":"Multiparameter Phenotyping of Human PBMCs Using Mass Cytometry","volume":"1343","author":"MD Leipold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1212-4_7","article-title":"Mass cytometry analysis of human T cell phenotype and function","volume":"1193","author":"EW Newell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.02.033","article-title":"Functional restoration of HCV-specific CD8 T cells by PD-1 blockade is defined by PD-1 expression and compartmentalization","volume":"134","author":"N Nakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5043","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01548-07","article-title":"Identification and in vitro expansion of functional antigen-specific CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"82","author":"H Ebinuma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6 24 1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im0624s110","article-title":"Detection of Intracellular Cytokines by Flow Cytometry","volume":"110","author":"Y Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Immunol"},{"issue":"50","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14378","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611098113","article-title":"Heterogeneous yet stable Vdelta2(+) T-cell profiles define distinct cytotoxic effector potentials in healthy human individuals","volume":"113","author":"PL Ryan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0181161","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181161","article-title":"Age dependent differences in the kinetics of gammadelta T cells after influenza vaccination","volume":"12","author":"U Stervbo","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21020","article-title":"Values for alphabeta and gammadelta T-lymphocytes and CD4+, CD8+, and CD56+ subsets in healthy adult subjects: assessment by age and gender","volume":"82","author":"JC Andreu-Ballester","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytometry Part B, Clinical cytometry"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2011.00036","article-title":"CD161-expressing human T cells","volume":"2","author":"JR Fergusson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in immunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.09.045","article-title":"CD161 defines a transcriptional and functional phenotype across distinct human T cell lineages","volume":"9","author":"JR Fergusson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11706-y","article-title":"CD161 identifies polyfunctional Th1\/Th17 cells in the genital mucosa that are depleted in HIV-infected female sex workers from Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"7","author":"G Boily-Larouche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00756","article-title":"Unique and Common Features of Innate-Like Human Vdelta2(+) gammadeltaT Cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells","volume":"9","author":"NM Provine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in immunology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004251","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004251","article-title":"T-bet and Eomes are differentially linked to the exhausted phenotype of CD8+ T cells in HIV infection","volume":"10","author":"M Buggert","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3307","article-title":"Transcriptional control of effector and memory CD8+ T cell differentiation","volume":"12","author":"SM Kaech","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2834","article-title":"The transcription factor BATF operates as an essential differentiation checkpoint in early effector CD8+ T cells","volume":"15","author":"M Kurachi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"6111","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229620","article-title":"Progenitor and terminal subsets of CD8+ T cells cooperate to contain chronic viral infection","volume":"338","author":"MA Paley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1602033","article-title":"Integration of Kinase and Calcium Signaling at the Level of Chromatin Underlies Inducible Gene Activation in T Cells","volume":"199","author":"R Brignall","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2015.04.008","article-title":"Human gamma delta T cells: Evolution and ligand recognition","volume":"296","author":"EJ Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cellular immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21513","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis B","volume":"45","author":"AS Lok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.08.033","article-title":"Hepatitis B flares in chronic hepatitis B: pathogenesis, natural course, and management","volume":"61","author":"ML Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(85)80050-7","article-title":"Acute exacerbation in hepatitis B e antigen positive chronic type B hepatitis. A clinicopathological study","volume":"1","author":"YF Liaw","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of hepatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2010.06.014","article-title":"Impact of age, gender, and race on circulating gammadelta T cells","volume":"71","author":"C Cairo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.02.046","article-title":"The genetic architecture of the human immune system: a bioresource for autoimmunity and disease pathogenesis","volume":"161","author":"M Roederer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.12.020","article-title":"Variation in the human immune system is largely driven by non-heritable influences","volume":"160","author":"P Brodin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.08.041","article-title":"Genetic variants regulating immune cell levels in health and disease","volume":"155","author":"V Orru","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13850","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13850","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune traits are differentially affected by genetic and environmental factors","volume":"8","author":"M Mangino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature communications"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2046","article-title":"Transcription factor T-bet represses expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 and sustains virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses during chronic infection","volume":"12","author":"C Kao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2017.11.008","article-title":"TCR Signaling: Mechanisms of Initiation and Propagation","volume":"43","author":"AH Courtney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4573","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI121957","article-title":"PD-1 blockade partially recovers dysfunctional virus-specific B cells in chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"128","author":"L Salimzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4588","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI121960","article-title":"Circulating and intrahepatic antiviral B cells are defective in hepatitis B","volume":"128","author":"AR Burton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830271111","article-title":"Control of self-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes expressing gamma delta T cell receptors by natural killer inhibitory receptors","volume":"27","author":"F Halary","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6009","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.12.6009","article-title":"CD94\/NKG2 inhibitory receptor complex modulates both anti-viral and anti-tumoral responses of polyclonal phosphoantigen-reactive V gamma 9V delta 2 T lymphocytes","volume":"159","author":"F Poccia","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref85","article-title":"Human liver infiltrating gammadelta T cells are composed of clonally expanded circulating and tissue-resident populations","author":"S Hunter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3660","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.3660","article-title":"Fas-Fas ligand interactions are essential for the binding to and killing of activated macrophages by gamma delta T cells","volume":"173","author":"JE Dalton","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14338","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.212290499","article-title":"Protection of the intestinal mucosa by intraepithelial gamma delta T cells","volume":"99","author":"Y Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7553","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811250106","article-title":"Antigen-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2 T effector cells confer homeostatic protection against pneumonic plaque lesions","volume":"106","author":"D Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30989","article-title":"Small intestinal CD8+TCRgammadelta+NKG2A+ intraepithelial lymphocytes have attributes of regulatory cells in patients with celiac disease","volume":"118","author":"G Bhagat","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.6.2109","article-title":"Apoptosis of Fashigh CD4+ synovial T cells by borrelia-reactive Fas-ligand(high) gamma delta T cells in Lyme arthritis","volume":"184","author":"MS Vincent","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.03.041","article-title":"Increased levels of arginase in patients with acute hepatitis B suppress antiviral T cells","volume":"143","author":"E Sandalova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.01.028","article-title":"The role of innate immunity in the immunopathology and treatment of HBV infection","volume":"64","author":"MK Maini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of hepatology"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007715","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556582400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007715","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T21:41:20Z","timestamp":1694814080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007715"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007715","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007715","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]]}}}