{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:03:22Z","timestamp":1787022202050,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007926","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574812800000}}],"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["103131\/z\/13\/z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["103131\/z\/13\/z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["103132\/z\/13\/z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["103132\/z\/13\/z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z1066\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z1066\/Z\/18\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203128\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203128\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203128\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203128\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T14:44:06Z","timestamp":1573829046000},"page":"e1007926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Trickle infection and immunity to Trichuris muris"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6737-3555","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maya","family":"Glover","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3346-3437","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stefano A. P.","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7148-1970","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David J.","family":"Thornton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7592-0085","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard K.","family":"Grencis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-37","article-title":"Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010.","volume":"7","author":"RL Pullan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2009.14","article-title":"Mucosal immunology of geohelminth infections in humans","volume":"2","author":"PJ Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref003","first-page":"1311","article-title":"Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases Find the latest version: Review series Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases","volume":"118","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002865","article-title":"The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010: Interpretation and Implications for the Neglected Tropical Diseases","volume":"8","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120218","article-title":"Immunity to Helminths: Resistance, Regulation, and Susceptibility to Gastrointestinal Nematodes","volume":"33","author":"RK Grencis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16527","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial tuft cells initiate type 2 mucosal immunity to helminth parasites","volume":"529","author":"F Gerbe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16161","article-title":"Tuft-cell-derived IL-25 regulates an intestinal ILC2-epithelial response circuit","volume":"529","author":"J Von Moltke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1648","article-title":"Tuft cells, taste-chemosensory cells, orchestrate parasite type 2 immunity in the gut","volume":"351","author":"S Lavoie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00925109","article-title":"Trickle infections of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in rats","volume":"72","author":"KS Ovington","year":"1986","journal-title":"Z Parasitenkd"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"ppat.1007926.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000074175","article-title":"The dynamics of trickle infections with Ancylostoma ceylanicum in inbred hamsters","volume":"105","author":"TJ Brailsford","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1988.tb00221.x","article-title":"Antigenic cross\u2010reactivity between the human whipworm, Trichuris trichiura, and the mouse trichuroids Trichuris muris and Trichinella spiralis","volume":"10","author":"T.I.A. Roach","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3010","article-title":"Whipworm genome and dual-species transcriptome analyses provide molecular insights into an intimate host-parasite interaction","volume":"46","author":"BJ Foth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref013","first-page":"508","article-title":"Cellular immune responses to the murine nematode parasite Trichuris muris. I. Differential cytokine production during acute or chronic infection","volume":"72","author":"KJ Else","year":"1991","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref014","first-page":"1463","article-title":"Accelerated Intestinal Epithelial Cell Turnover: A New Mechanism of Parasite Expulsion Author(s): Laura J. Cliffe, Neil E. Humphreys, Thomas E. Lane, Chris S. Potten, Cath Booth and Richard K","volume":"308","author":"LJ Cliffe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Grencis Source: Science"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.7.3453","article-title":"A critical role for IL-13 in resistance to intestinal nematode infection","volume":"160","author":"AJ Bancroft","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref016","first-page":"255","article-title":"The Trichuris muris System: a Paradigm of Resistance and Susceptibility to Intestinal Nematode Infection","volume":"57","author":"LJ Cliffe","year":"2004"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102057","article-title":"Muc5ac: a critical component mediating the rejection of enteric nematodes","volume":"208","author":"SZ Hasnain","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(73)90062-3","article-title":"Transfer of immunity against Trichuris muris in the mouse by serum and cells","volume":"3","author":"GR Selby","year":"1973","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.8.2950-2954.1996","article-title":"Antibody-independent effector mechanisms in resistance to the intestinal nematode parasite Trichuris muris","volume":"64","author":"KJ Else","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006218","article-title":"Immune-driven alterations in mucin sulphation is an important mediator of Trichuris muris helminth expulsion","volume":"13","author":"SZ Hasnain","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125945","article-title":"Chronic Trichuris muris infection in C57BL\/6 mice causes significant changes in host microbiota and metabolome: Effects reversed by pathogen clearance.","volume":"10","author":"A Houlden","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref022","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chronic Trichuris muris infection decreases diversity of the intestinal microbiota and concomitantly increases the abundance of lactobacilli","volume":"10","author":"JB Holm","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaap7399","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aap7399","article-title":"Manipulation of host and parasite microbiotas: Survival strategies during chronic nematode infection","volume":"4","author":"EC White","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001856","article-title":"Serine Protease(s) Secreted by the Nematode Trichuris muris Degrade the Mucus Barrier.","volume":"6","author":"SZ Hasnain","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.01.045","article-title":"Mucin Gene Deficiency in Mice Impairs Host Resistance to an Enteric Parasitic Infection","volume":"138","author":"SZ Hasnain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13596","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404034101","article-title":"RELMbeta\/FIZZ2 is a goblet cell-specific immune-effector molecule in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"101","author":"D Artis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133715","article-title":"Amphiregulin, a T H 2 cytokine enhancing resistance to nematodes","volume":"314","author":"DM Zaiss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref028","article-title":"IL-4-producing ILC2s are required for the differentiation of TH2 cells following Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection","author":"VS Pelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.016","article-title":"MHCII-mediated dialog between group 2 innate lymphoid cells and CD4 + T cells potentiates type 2 immunity and promotes parasitic helminth expulsion","volume":"41","author":"CJ Oliphant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.1.347","article-title":"Cytokine-mediated regulation of chronic intestinal helminth infection","volume":"179","author":"KJ Else","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03206-2","article-title":"Decreased atopy in children infected with Schistosoma haematobium: A role for parasite-induced interleukin-10","volume":"356","author":"AHJ Van Den Biggelaar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref032","first-page":"1","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth parasites and allergy: Observations from Ecuador","author":"ME Chico","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref033","first-page":"1","article-title":"Parasites and allergy: Observations from Africa","author":"H Mpairwe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20122813","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.2813","article-title":"The relative contribution of co-infection to focal infection risk in children","volume":"280","author":"KA Mohammed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(78)90162-5","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis: Delayed rejection in mice concurrently infected with Nematospiroides dubius","volume":"46","author":"JM Behnke","year":"1978","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000048332","article-title":"Impairment of primary expulsion of trichuris muris in mice concurrently infected with nematospiroides dubius","volume":"75","author":"SN Jenkins","year":"1977","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1984.11811857","article-title":"Survival to patency of low level infections with Trichuris muris in mice concurrently infected with Nematospiroides dubius","volume":"78","author":"JM Behnke","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00281-8","article-title":"The effect of challenge and trickle Trichuris muris infections on the polarisation of the immune response","volume":"31","author":"AJ Bancroft","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09996-z","article-title":"The major secreted protein of the whipworm parasite tethers to matrix and inhibits interleukin-13 function","volume":"10","author":"AJ Bancroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1139\/z78-258","article-title":"The morphology of the attachment and probable feeding site of the nematode Trichuris muris (Schrank, 1788) Hall, 1916","volume":"56","author":"TDG Lee","year":"1978","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.a.214","article-title":"Adaptation of a nematode parasite to living within the mammalian epithelium","volume":"303","author":"LG Tilney","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Zool Part A Comp Exp Biol"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"ppat.1007926.ref042","first-page":"631","article-title":"Trichuris muris: CD4+ T cell-mediated protection in reconstituted SCID mice","volume":"121","author":"J Betts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref043","first-page":"45","article-title":"Mast cells are not critical in resistance to Trichuris muris","author":"CJ Betts","year":"1999"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.08.014","article-title":"Polyclonal and Specific Antibodies Mediate Protective Immunity against Enteric Helminth Infection","volume":"4","author":"KD McCoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-0984-7","article-title":"The intestinal epithelium tuft cells: Specification and function","volume":"69","author":"F Gerbe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051496","article-title":"Interleukin 25 regulates type 2 cytokine-dependent immunity and limits chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"203","author":"AM Owyang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23676","article-title":"The neuropeptide neuromedin U stimulates innate lymphoid cells and type 2 inflammation","volume":"549","author":"CSN Klose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.10.016","article-title":"Modulation of Host Immunity by Helminths: The Expanding Repertoire of Parasite Effector Molecules","volume":"49","author":"RM Maizels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref049","article-title":"Helminth Colonization Is Associated with Increased Diversity of the Gut Microbiota","volume":"8","author":"SC Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1007926.ref050","article-title":"Patent Human Infections with the Whipworm, Trichuris trichiura, Are Not Associated with Alterations in the Faecal Microbiota","author":"P Cooper","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref051","first-page":"1","article-title":"Differential human gut microbiome assemblages during soil-transmitted helminth infections in Indonesia and Liberia","volume":"6","author":"BA Rosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174089","article-title":"Dissociation between skin test reactivity and anti-aeroallergen IgE: Determinants among urban Brazilian children","volume":"12","author":"NM Alcantara-Neves","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20042572","article-title":"Suppression of allergic airway inflammation by helminth-induced regulatory T cells","volume":"202","author":"MS Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.012","article-title":"The Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to the Ability of Helminths to Modulate Allergic Inflammation","volume":"43","author":"MM Zaiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01240-15","article-title":"Low-Dose Intestinal Trichuris muris Infection Alters the Lung Immune Microenvironment and Can Suppress Allergic Airway Inflammation","volume":"84","author":"AL Chenery","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref056","first-page":"180","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Selangor, Malaysia","volume":"37","author":"SP Kan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1007926.ref057","article-title":"Epidemiology of Intestinal Polyparasitism among Orang Asli School Children in Rural Malaysia","author":"AK Al-Delaimy","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh241","article-title":"Multiple parasite infections and their relationship to self-reported morbidity in a community of rural C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"33","author":"G Raso","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref059","first-page":"335","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis of high- throughput community sequencing data Intensity normalization improves color calling in SOLiD sequencing.","volume":"7","author":"JG Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Publ Gr"},{"key":"ppat.1007926.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"MI Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007926","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574812800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007926","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T21:06:07Z","timestamp":1695416767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007926"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"William C.","family":"Gause","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007926","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/677096","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]]}}}