{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:48:19Z","timestamp":1790056099989,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008080","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573084800000}}],"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["core funding to rubella team"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["core funding to rubella team"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"US National Institute of Health","award":["Z1AES103266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z1AES103266"]}]},{"name":"US National Institute of Health","award":["R21-AI130967-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21-AI130967-01A1"]}]},{"name":"Wallace Chair of Pediatrics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T13:40:53Z","timestamp":1572270053000},"page":"e1008080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Infectious vaccine-derived rubella viruses emerge, persist, and evolve in cutaneous granulomas of children with primary immunodeficiencies"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0812-8124","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ludmila","family":"Perelygina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-hsin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suganthi","family":"Suppiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adebola","family":"Adebayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Abernathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morna","family":"Dorsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Bercovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Paris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2450-1243","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin P.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0869-066X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alfons","family":"Krol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8286-0634","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julie","family":"Dhossche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2659-7998","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ivan Y.","family":"Torshin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3048-2576","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leszek J.","family":"Klimczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8399-1836","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dmitry A.","family":"Gordenin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Zharkikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Plotkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen E.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5943-9806","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph","family":"Icenogle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref001","unstructured":"Approved proposal. Animal ssRNA+ viruses. 2018.013S.R.Matonaviridae 2019. Available from: https:\/\/talk.ictvonline.org\/files\/ictv_official_taxonomy_updates_since_the_8th_report\/m\/animal-ssrna-viruses\/8087."},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref002","first-page":"273","article-title":"Viral persistence in congenital rubella","volume":"18","author":"WE Rawls","year":"1974","journal-title":"Prog Med Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref003","article-title":"Rubella","author":"N Lambert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1965.03080210019005","article-title":"Acute encephalopathy (encephalitis) complicating rubella. Report of cases with virologic studies, cortisol-production determinations, and observations at autopsy","volume":"192","author":"FE Sherman","year":"1965","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fuchs' uveitis syndrome: no longer a syndrome?","volume":"29","author":"EO Kreps","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocul Iammunol and Inflamm"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"ppat.1008080.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S164","DOI":"10.1086\/505950","article-title":"The history of rubella and rubella vaccination leading to elimination","volume":"43","author":"SA Plotkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"45","key":"ppat.1008080.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6645a4","article-title":"Progress in rubella and congenital rubella syndrome control and elimination\u2014Worldwide, 2000\u20132016","volume":"66","author":"GB Grant","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"9061","key":"ppat.1008080.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)12031-6","article-title":"Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study on adverse effects of rubella immunisation in seronegative women","volume":"349","author":"AJ Tingle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1008080.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2000.078005590.x","article-title":"Anterior uveitis following combined vaccination for measles, mumps and rubella (MMR): a report of two cases","volume":"78","author":"SM Islam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6400-8.00028-6","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant","author":"S Plotkin","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1008080.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-017-0464-9","article-title":"International Union of Immunological Societies: 2017 primary immunodeficiency diseases committee report on inborn errors of immunity","volume":"38","author":"C Picard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1008080.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.11.043","article-title":"Recommendations for live viral and bacterial vaccines in immunodeficient patients and their close contacts","volume":"133","author":"WT Shearer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1008080.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.2217\/IMT.15.74","article-title":"Vaccination in patients with primary immune deficiency, secondary immune deficiency and autoimmunity with immune regulatory abnormalities","volume":"7","author":"MM Eibl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1008080.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000112","article-title":"Noninfectious cutaneous granulomas in primary immunodeficiency disorders: report from a national registry","volume":"36","author":"A Nanda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1008080.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-018-0534-7","article-title":"Prevalence of granulomas in patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders, United States: Data From national health care claims and the US Immunodeficiency Network Registry","volume":"38","author":"J Leung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1008080.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O656","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12573","article-title":"Live rubella virus vaccine long-term persistence as an antigenic trigger of cutaneous granulomas in patients with primary immunodeficiency","volume":"20","author":"C Bodemer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1008080.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.06.030","article-title":"Rubella persistence in epidermal keratinocytes and granuloma M2 macrophages in patients with primary immunodeficiencies","volume":"138","author":"L Perelygina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1008080.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw675","article-title":"Cutaneous and visceral chronic granulomatous disease triggered by a rubella virus vaccine strain in children with primary immunodeficiencies","volume":"64","author":"B Neven","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref019","article-title":"Rubella virus-associated cutaneous granulomatous disease: a unique complication in immune-deficient patients, not limited to DNA repair disorders","author":"D Buchbinder","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1008080.ref020","first-page":"178","article-title":"Attenuation of RA 27\u20133 rubella virus in WI-38 human diploid cells","volume":"118","author":"SA Plotkin","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1008080.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0133267","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133267","article-title":"Differences in establishment of persistence of vaccine and wild type rubella viruses in fetal endothelial cells","volume":"10","author":"L Perelygina","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref022","article-title":"Association of ocular inflammation and rubella virus persistence","author":"JA Gonzales","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1008080.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)01994-7","article-title":"Statistical methods for detecting molecular adaptation","volume":"15","author":"Z Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1008080.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2015.18","article-title":"Causes of evolutionary rate variation among protein sites","volume":"17","author":"J Echave","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1008080.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.4.2184-2190.1996","article-title":"Identification of domains in rubella virus genomic RNA and capsid protein necessary for specific interaction","volume":"70","author":"Z Liu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1008080.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4314","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.8.4314-4322.2004","article-title":"Rubella virus capsid protein modulates viral genome replication and virus infectivity","volume":"78","author":"MH Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1008080.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001291","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001291","article-title":"The rubella virus capsid as an anti-apoptotic protein that attenuates the pore-forming ability of Bax","volume":"7","author":"CS Ilkow","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1008080.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2008.10.043","article-title":"Murine APOBEC1 is a powerful mutator of retroviral and cellular RNA in vitro and in vivo","volume":"385","author":"V Petit","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.03.012","article-title":"APOBECs and virus restriction","volume":"479-480","author":"RS Harris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref030","first-page":"37","article-title":"ADARs and the balance game between virus infection and innate immune cell response","volume":"17","author":"S Tomaselli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref031","first-page":"1","article-title":"The APOBEC3 family of retroelement restriction factors","volume":"371","author":"EW Refsland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1008080.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0120089","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120089","article-title":"APOBEC3A is implicated in a novel class of G-to-A mRNA editing in WT1 transcripts","volume":"10","author":"A Niavarani","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6881","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7881","article-title":"APOBEC3A cytidine deaminase induces RNA editing in monocytes and macrophages","volume":"6","author":"S Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39100","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39100","article-title":"The double-domain cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G is a cellular site-specific RNA editing enzyme","volume":"6","author":"S Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1008080.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1226","article-title":"The multifaceted roles of RNA binding in APOBEC cytidine deaminase functions","volume":"5","author":"KM Prohaska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1008080.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297911010135","article-title":"Mutator effects and mutation signatures of editing deaminases produced in bacteria and yeast","volume":"76","author":"AG Lada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochemistry (Mosc)"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1008080.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3378","article-title":"An APOBEC3A hypermutation signature is distinguishable from the signature of background mutagenesis by APOBEC3B in human cancers","volume":"47","author":"K Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1008080.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8747","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.11.8747-8755.1998","article-title":"Effects of mutations in the rubella virus E1 glycoprotein on E1-E2 interaction and membrane fusion activity","volume":"72","author":"D Yang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"21","key":"ppat.1008080.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11038","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05398-11","article-title":"Identification of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein as a cellular receptor for rubella virus","volume":"85","author":"H Cong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ppat.1008080.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314152","article-title":"Immunological characterisation of the rubella E 1 glycoprotein. Brief report","volume":"90","author":"L Ho-Terry","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1008080.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.30.9.2323-2329.1992","article-title":"Cellular and humoral immune responses to rubella virus structural proteins E1, E2, and C","volume":"30","author":"HH Chaye","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1008080.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3986","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.65.8.3986-3994.1991","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody-defined epitope map of expressed rubella virus protein domains","volume":"65","author":"JS Wolinsky","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1008080.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.57.3.893-898.1986","article-title":"Rubella virus antigens: localization of epitopes involved in hemagglutination and neutralization by using monoclonal antibodies","volume":"57","author":"KY Green","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1008080.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5849","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.67.10.5849-5858.1993","article-title":"Rubella virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses: identification of the capsid as a target of major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted lysis and definition of two epitopes","volume":"67","author":"AE Lovett","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1008080.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8704","article-title":"Characterization of an overlapping CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitope on rubella capsid protein","volume":"235","author":"D Ou","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"7433","key":"ppat.1008080.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11741","article-title":"Functional and evolutionary insight from the crystal structure of rubella virus protein E1","volume":"493","author":"RM DuBois","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ppat.1008080.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/7.Supplement_1.S77","article-title":"History of RA27\/3 rubella vaccine","volume":"7","author":"SA Plotkin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1008080.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73014","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073014","article-title":"Persistent infection of human fetal endothelial cells with rubella virus","volume":"8","author":"L Perelygina","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1008080.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.075","article-title":"Measles, mumps, and rubella antibody patterns of persistence and rate of decline following the second dose of the MMR vaccine","volume":"36","author":"EE Seagle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1008080.ref050","first-page":"3","article-title":"Differential ability of wild-type and vaccine strains of rubella virus to replicate and persist in human joint tissue","volume":"10","author":"NP Miki","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1008080.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2323","article-title":"Rates of evolutionary change in viruses: patterns and determinants","volume":"9","author":"S Duffy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39025","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39025","article-title":"Analysis of complete genomes of the rubella virus genotypes 1E and 2B which circulated in China, 2000\u20132013","volume":"6","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1008080.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0404.980402","article-title":"Quasispecies structure and persistence of RNA viruses","volume":"4","author":"E Domingo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5464","key":"ppat.1008080.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5464.339","article-title":"The outcome of acute hepatitis C predicted by the evolution of the viral quasispecies","volume":"288","author":"P Farci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1008080.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.05023-11","article-title":"Viral quasispecies evolution","volume":"76","author":"E Domingo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiology and molecular biology reviews: MMBR"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1008080.ref056","first-page":"125","article-title":"HIV evolutionary dynamics within and among hosts","volume":"8","author":"P Lemey","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1008080.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005894","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005894","article-title":"Exceptional heterogeneity in viral evolutionary dynamics characterises chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"12","author":"J Raghwani","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"18","key":"ppat.1008080.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9474","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01089-09","article-title":"Defining APOBEC3 expression patterns in human tissues and hematopoietic cell subsets","volume":"83","author":"FA Koning","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"17","key":"ppat.1008080.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.979147","article-title":"Circulating type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus may evolve under the pressure of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA","volume":"28","author":"Y Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"ppat.1008080.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.038919-0","article-title":"The innate antiviral factor APOBEC3G targets replication of measles, mumps and respiratory syncytial viruses","volume":"93","author":"M Fehrholz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1008080.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5960","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24448-2","article-title":"APOBEC3-mediated restriction of RNA virus replication","volume":"8","author":"A Milewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1008080.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-32","article-title":"Analysis of whole genome sequences of 16 strains of rubella virus from the United States, 1961\u20132009","volume":"10","author":"E Abernathy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol J."},{"issue":"3588","key":"ppat.1008080.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1126\/science.142.3588.58","article-title":"Rubella virus: neutralizing antibody in commercial gamma globulin","volume":"142","author":"GM Schiff","year":"1963","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1008080.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840220604","article-title":"Immunoglobulin M antibody to hepatitis C virus core antigen: correlations with viral replication, histological activity, and liver disease outcome","volume":"22","author":"JA Quiroga","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1008080.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2035","article-title":"T cell exhaustion","volume":"12","author":"EJ Wherry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00685","article-title":"Patients with primary immunodeficiencies are a reservoir of poliovirus and a risk to polio eradication","volume":"8","author":"A Aghamohammadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1008080.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit725","article-title":"The natural history of influenza infection in the severely immunocompromised vs nonimmunocompromised hosts","volume":"58","author":"MJ Memoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref068","article-title":"Parallel evolution of influenza across multiple spatiotemporal scales","volume":"6","author":"KS Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref069","article-title":"Cutaneous Granulomatous Disease With Presence of Rubella Virus in Lesions","author":"J Dhossche","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref070","article-title":"Outcomes for nitazoxanide treatment in a case series of patients with primary immunodeficiencies and rubella virus-associated granuloma","author":"L Perelygina","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1008080.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01231-08","article-title":"Confirmation of rubella within 4 days of rash onset: comparison of rubella virus RNA detection in oral fluid with immunoglobulin M detection in serum or oral fluid","volume":"47","author":"E Abernathy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref072","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of rubella viruses identified in Uganda, 2003\u20132012","author":"P Namuwulya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ppat.1008080.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2007.08.021","article-title":"An indirect immunocolorimetric assay to detect rubella virus infected cells","volume":"146","author":"MH Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1008080.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00660-12","article-title":"Comparison of the sensitivity of laboratory diagnostic methods from a well-characterized outbreak of mumps in New York city in 2009","volume":"20","author":"JS Rota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol."},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1008080.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.30.11.2874-2880.1992","article-title":"Baculovirus expression of the nucleoprotein gene of measles virus and utility of the recombinant protein in diagnostic enzyme immunoassays","volume":"30","author":"KB Hummel","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ppat.1008080.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2005.10.006","article-title":"Development of quantitative gene-specific real-time RT-PCR assays for the detection of measles virus in clinical specimens","volume":"132","author":"KB Hummel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"14","key":"ppat.1008080.ref077","first-page":"126","article-title":"Standardization of the nomenclature for genetic characteristics of wild-type rubella viruses","volume":"80","year":"2005","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1008080.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340","article-title":"MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput","volume":"32","author":"RC Edgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1008080.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets","volume":"33","author":"S Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1008080.ref080","first-page":"418","article-title":"Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions","volume":"3","author":"M Nei","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref081","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Computational analysis of HIV molecular sequences","author":"B Korber","year":"2000"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-3211-9.50009-7","volume-title":"Mammalian Protein Metabolism","author":"K Jukes","year":"1969"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2004.19","article-title":"Computed energetics of nucleotides in spatial ribozyme structures: an accurate identification of functional regions from structure","volume":"4","author":"IY Torshin","year":"2004","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"issue":"20","key":"ppat.1008080.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9420","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00799-16","article-title":"B virus (Macacine Herpesvirus 1) divergence: variations in glycoprotein D from clinical and laboratory isolates diversify virus entry strategies","volume":"90","author":"I Patrusheva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1008080.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1324","article-title":"Predicting sites of ADAR editing in double-stranded RNA","volume":"2","author":"JM Eggington","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Commun"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008080","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573084800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008080","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T01:49:45Z","timestamp":1611625785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008080"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Adam S.","family":"Lauring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008080","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]}}}