{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T02:04:50Z","timestamp":1779329090365,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008523","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]],"date-time":"2020-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588636800000}}],"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19fk0410016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19fk0410016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19fk0108104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19fk0108104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19fk0108104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19fk0108104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19fk0108104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19fk0108104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19K07600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K07600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18K15174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K15174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H29-Nanchi-Ippan-036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H29-Nanchi-Ippan-036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T17:45:54Z","timestamp":1587663954000},"page":"e1008523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["High expression of JC polyomavirus-encoded microRNAs in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy tissues and its repressive role in virus replication"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kenta","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1302-5472","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Sekizuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0487-4405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Makoto","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3820-9542","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tadaki","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5332-4434","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harutaka","family":"Katano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02871","article-title":"The functions of animal microRNAs","volume":"431","author":"V. Ambros","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00045-5","article-title":"MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function","volume":"116","author":"DP Bartel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1793","article-title":"Viruses and microRNAs","volume":"38","author":"BR Cullen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1096781","article-title":"Identification of virus-encoded microRNAs","volume":"304","author":"S Pfeffer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003018","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003018","article-title":"Virus-encoded microRNAs: an overview and a look to the future.","volume":"8","author":"RP Kincaid","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6328","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914843107","article-title":"Functional delivery of viral miRNAs via exosomes","volume":"107","author":"DM Pegtel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20370","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014194107","article-title":"Human tumor virus utilizes exosomes for intercellular communication","volume":"107","author":"DG Meckes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31967","article-title":"Vesicle-bound EBV-BART13-3p miRNA in circulation distinguishes nasopharyngeal from other head and neck cancer and asymptomatic EBV-infections","volume":"144","author":"O Ramayanti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31642","article-title":"Evaluation of circulating EBV microRNA BART2-5p in facilitating early detection and screening of nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"143","author":"C Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2925","article-title":"Up-regulation of Human Herpesvirus 6B-derived microRNAs in the Serum of Patients with Drug-induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome\/Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms.","volume":"98","author":"K Miyashita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol."},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.01.008","article-title":"An identical miRNA of the human JC and BK polyoma viruses targets the stress-induced ligand ULBP3 to escape immune elimination","volume":"9","author":"Y Bauman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref012","first-page":"191","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: its pathological features","volume":"105","author":"EP Richardson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070320405","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a review of the pathology and pathogenesis","volume":"32","author":"AJ Aksamit","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.4.499","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: JC virus detection by in situ hybridization compared with immunohistochemistry","volume":"36","author":"AJ Aksamit","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70040-5","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other disorders caused by JC virus: clinical features and pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"CS Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12128","article-title":"The human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV): virological background and clinical implications.","volume":"121","author":"HH Hirsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9928","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00441-06","article-title":"JC virus evolution and its association with human populations","volume":"80","author":"LA Shackelton","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/514010","article-title":"JC virus (JCV) genotypes in brain tissue from patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and in urine from controls without PML: increased frequency of JCV type 2 in PML.","volume":"176","author":"HT Agostini","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.51.2.458-469.1984","article-title":"Human polyomavirus JC virus genome","volume":"51","author":"RJ Frisque","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0155897","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155897","article-title":"JC Polyomavirus Abundance and Distribution in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Brain Tissue Implicates Myelin Sheath in Intracerebral Dissemination of Infection.","volume":"11","author":"KA Wharton","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.12.1930","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and apoptosis of infected oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system of patients with and without AIDS","volume":"59","author":"SM Richardson-Burns","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828c2fa1","article-title":"PML diagnostic criteria: consensus statement from the AAN Neuroinfectious Disease Section","volume":"80","author":"JR Berger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9823","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01144-08","article-title":"Evolutionarily conserved function of a viral microRNA","volume":"82","author":"GJ Seo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.06.104","article-title":"The JCPYV DNA load inversely correlates with the viral microrna expression in blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients at risk of PML","volume":"70","author":"A Rocca","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-11-158","article-title":"Viral miRNAs in plasma and urine divulge JC polyomavirus infection.","volume":"11","author":"O Lagatie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)91776-4","article-title":"New human papovavirus (B.K.) isolated from urine after renal transplantation.","volume":"1","author":"SD Gardner","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-6143.2002.020106.x","article-title":"Polyomavirus BK nephropathy: a (re-)emerging complication in renal transplantation.","volume":"2","author":"HH Hirsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.02.007","article-title":"BK polyomavirus microRNA expression and sequence variation in polyomavirus-associated nephropathy.","volume":"102","author":"E Virtanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0190068","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190068","article-title":"Urinary exosomal viral microRNA as a marker of BK virus nephropathy in kidney transplant recipients.","volume":"12","author":"MH Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.04.030","article-title":"Polyomavirus BK-encoded microRNA suppresses autoregulation of viral replication","volume":"447","author":"YC Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8200","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301907110","article-title":"miRNA regulation of BK polyomavirus replication during early infection","volume":"110","author":"NM Broekema","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.10.022","article-title":"Human RISC couples microRNA biogenesis and posttranscriptional gene silencing","volume":"123","author":"RI Gregory","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070823","article-title":"Cerebellar neurodegeneration in the absence of microRNAs","volume":"204","author":"A Schaefer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.177774.111","article-title":"Intronic miR-26b controls neuronal differentiation by repressing its host transcript, ctdsp2","volume":"26","author":"H Dill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.04.040","article-title":"A mammalian microRNA expression atlas based on small RNA library sequencing","volume":"129","author":"P Landgraf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01335","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01335-16","article-title":"Deep-Sequence Identification and Role in Virus Replication of a JC Virus Quasispecies in Patients with Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy","volume":"91","author":"K Takahashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114750","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114750","article-title":"Herpes virus microRNA expression and significance in serous ovarian cancer","volume":"9","author":"D Pandya","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.04.018","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus MicroRNAs are Expressed in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Correlate with Overall Survival","volume":"2","author":"A Ferrajoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.04.018","article-title":"Plasma Viral miRNAs Indicate a High Prevalence of Occult Viral Infections.","volume":"20","author":"E Fuentes-Mattei","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70202","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070202","article-title":"Identification and validation of human papillomavirus encoded microRNAs.","volume":"8","author":"K Qian","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00228","article-title":"Induction of miR-155 after Brain Injury Promotes Type 1 Interferon and has a Neuroprotective Effect.","volume":"10","author":"EB Harrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci."},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-12-378","article-title":"miRNA-21 is developmentally regulated in mouse brain and is co-expressed with SOX2 in glioma","volume":"12","author":"J Polajeva","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-06-096784","article-title":"MicroRNA expression profiling in classic Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"111","author":"A Navarro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00686519","article-title":"Electron microscopic observations on a case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"5","author":"L Silverman","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-002-0526-8","article-title":"Expression of JC virus agnoprotein in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy brain","volume":"104","author":"Y Okada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280152537148","article-title":"Distribution and function of JCV agnoprotein","volume":"7","author":"Y Okada","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0163125","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163125","article-title":"MicroRNA Stability in FFPE Tissue Samples: Dependence on GC Content.","volume":"11","author":"Y Kakimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1006","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing of miRNAs in clinical samples of Epstein-Barr virus-associated B-cell lymphomas","volume":"6","author":"K Sakamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0162574","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162574","article-title":"Profile of Exosomal and Intracellular microRNA in Gamma-Herpesvirus-Infected Lymphoma Cell Lines","volume":"11","author":"S Hoshina","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10070237","article-title":"Infection of Epstein(-)Barr Virus in Type III Latency Modulates Biogenesis of Exosomes and the Expression Profile of Exosomal miRNAs in the Burkitt Lymphoma Mutu Cell Lines.","volume":"10","author":"A Nanbo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)."},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.0972","article-title":"Broad distribution of the JC virus receptor contrasts with a marked cellular restriction of virus replication","volume":"286","author":"S Suzuki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2010.07.002","article-title":"Robust one-day in situ hybridization protocol for detection of microRNAs in paraffin samples using LNA probes.","volume":"52","author":"S Jorgensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp1235","article-title":"A sensitive non-radioactive northern blot method to detect small RNAs","volume":"38","author":"SW Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ppat.1008523.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.01.018","article-title":"Real-time, quantitative PCR assays for the detection of virus-specific DNA in samples with mixed populations of polyomaviruses","volume":"135","author":"A Pal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008523","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]],"date-time":"2020-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588636800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008523","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]],"date-time":"2020-05-05T17:47:45Z","timestamp":1588700865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008523"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Luis","family":"Del Valle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008523","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008523","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]}}}