{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:01:19Z","timestamp":1789084879841,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SP.2011.41304.038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SP.2011.41304.038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001323","name":"Poliomyelitis Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15\/23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FSTR180523333842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FSTR180523333842"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DST Innovation Doctoral Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST Innovation Doctoral Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001323","name":"Poliomyelitis Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15\/64"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15\/64"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007112","name":"University of Cape Town","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Post-graduate publication incentive funding"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Post-graduate publication incentive funding"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007112","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["National Medical Students Research Training Programme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Medical Students Research Training Programme"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["National Medical Students Research Training Programme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Medical Students Research Training Programme"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T13:25:24Z","timestamp":1591277124000},"page":"e1008559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Exploring potential of vaginal Lactobacillus isolates from South African women for enhancing treatment for bacterial vaginosis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3658-8638","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna-Ursula","family":"Happel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5460-1977","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brian","family":"Kullin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoyam","family":"Gamieldien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2533-0420","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicole","family":"Wentzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5153-6786","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chambrez Z.","family":"Zauchenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather B.","family":"Jaspan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8373-9593","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Smritee","family":"Dabee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaun L.","family":"Barnabas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shameem Z.","family":"Jaumdally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janan","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4649-1477","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Glenda","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda-Gail","family":"Bekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8234-1308","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Remy","family":"Froissart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo-Ann S.","family":"Passmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2018.0304","article-title":"The Evolving Facets of Bacterial Vaginosis: Implications for HIV Transmission","volume":"35","author":"LR McKinnon","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5170","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.10.5170-5175.1999","article-title":"Acid production by vaginal flora in vitro is consistent with the rate and extent of vaginal acidification","volume":"67","author":"ER Boskey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.115867","article-title":"Defense factors of vaginal lactobacilli","volume":"185","author":"A Aroutcheva","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women","volume":"108","author":"J Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132ra52","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003605","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of the human vaginal microbiota","volume":"4","author":"P Gajer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1155\/S106474499400061X","article-title":"Role of Bacterial Vaginosis in Peripartum Infections","volume":"2","author":"P Clark","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12106","article-title":"Early pregnancy changes in bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria and preterm delivery","volume":"28","author":"DB Nelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref008","article-title":"Identification of novel microbes associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility","author":"CL Haggerty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181743936","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal yeast, but not vaginal cleansing, increase HIV-1 acquisition in African women","volume":"48","author":"JHHM Van de Wijgert","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001251","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis associated with increased risk of female-to-male HIV-1 transmission: A prospective cohort analysis among african couples","volume":"9","author":"CR Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.04.019","article-title":"Inflammatory Responses in the Female Genital Tract","volume":"42","author":"MN Anahtar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref012","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. In: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. 2015."},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2008.03.013","article-title":"Use of Lactobacillus probiotics for bacterial genitourinary infections in women: A review","volume":"30","author":"R Barrons","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S106","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000226","article-title":"Effectiveness of the Two Microorganisms Lactobacillus Formulated in Slow-release Vaginal Tablets, in Women Affected by Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"48","author":"F Vicariotto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.04.025","article-title":"Long-term vaginal administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus as a complementary approach to management of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"110","author":"V Marcone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1139\/W08-102","article-title":"Improved cure of bacterial vaginosis with single dose of tinidazole (2 g), Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1, and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"RCR Martinez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(02)00465-0","article-title":"Oral use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 significantly alters vaginal flora: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 64 healthy women","volume":"35","author":"G Reid","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref018","article-title":"Probiotics for vaginal health in South Africa: what is on retailers \u2018 shelves?","volume":"17","author":"A-U Happel","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01439-13","article-title":"Comparative Functional Genomics of Lactobacillus spp. Reveals Possible Mechanisms for Specialization of Vaginal Lactobacilli to Their Environment","volume":"196","author":"H Mendes-soares","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/09674845.2005.11732706","article-title":"Characterisation of potentially probiotic vaginal lactobacilli isolated from Argentinean women Characterisation of potentially probiotic vaginal lactobacilli isolated from Argentinean women","volume":"62","author":"J Tom\u00e1s","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref021","first-page":"424","article-title":"Lactobacillus strains isolated from the vaginal microbiota of healthy women inhibit Prevotella bivia and Gardnerella vaginalis in coculture and cell culture","volume":"48","author":"F Atassi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fem"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref022","article-title":"Adhesion of Human Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus to Cervical and Vaginal Cells and Interaction with Vaginosis-Associated Pathogens","author":"S Coudeyras","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.041962-0","article-title":"Characteristics of Lactobacillus and Gardnerella vaginalis from women with or without bacterial vaginosis and their relationships in gnotobiotic mice","volume":"61","author":"GS Teixeira","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11640","article-title":"Using an in-vitro biofilm model to assess the virulence potential of Bacterial Vaginosis or non- Bacterial Vaginosis Gardnerella vaginalis isolates","volume":"5","author":"J Castro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref025","first-page":"200","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of vaginal lactobacilli against Gardnerella vaginalis and pathogens","volume":"3","author":"P Andreeva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res Biol Sci"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.07.001","article-title":"In vitro assessment of the upper gastrointestinal tolerance of potential probiotic dairy propionibacteria","volume":"91","author":"Y Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02516.x","article-title":"Effect of the pH of growth on the survival of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus to stress conditions during spray-drying","volume":"98","author":"J Silva","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref028","first-page":"147","article-title":"Effect of growth at low pH on the cell surface properties of a typical strain of Lactobacillus casei group","volume":"2","author":"M Hossein Nezhad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iran J Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29024","article-title":"Lactobacillus crispatus inhibits the infectivity of Chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies, in vitro study","volume":"6","author":"P Nardini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref030","article-title":"In vaginal fluid, bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis can be suppressed with lactic acid but not hydrogen peroxide","volume":"11","author":"DEO O\u2019Hanlon","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt156","article-title":"Vaginal concentrations of lactic acid potently inactivate HIV","volume":"68","author":"M Aldunate","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.125280","article-title":"Antimicrobial components of vaginal fluid","volume":"187","author":"E V Valore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obs Gynecol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-010-0668-3","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer amongst probiotic lactic acid bacteria and other intestinal microbiota: what are the possibilities? A review","volume":"193","author":"CA Van Reenen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113246109","article-title":"Gut inflammation can boost horizontal gene transfer between pathogenic and commensal Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"109","author":"B Stecher","year":"2012","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00202","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in probiotic bacteria","volume":"4","author":"M Gueimonde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00410","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00410-17","article-title":"Microbial composition predicts genital inflammation and persistent bacterial vaginosis in adolescent South African women","volume":"86","author":"K Lennard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00313-0","article-title":"Role played by lactobacilli in controlling the population of vaginal pathogens","volume":"2","author":"S Boris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.9.1809","article-title":"Origins of vaginal acidity: high D\/L lactate ratio is consistent with bacteria being the primary source","volume":"16","author":"ER Boskey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S273","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/16.Supplement_4.S273","article-title":"The normal vaginal flora, H2 O2-producing lac- tobacilli, and bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women","volume":"16","author":"SL Hillier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.5.1058","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide-produc- ing lactobacilli and acquisition of vaginal infections","volume":"174","author":"SE Hawes","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw566","article-title":"Official American Thoracic Society \/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \/ Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines: Treatment of Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis","volume":"63","author":"P Nahid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(93)90004-Q","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and spectrum of rifaximin, a new topical rifamycin derivative","volume":"16","author":"WW Hoover","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.12.2733","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Gardnerella vaginalis","volume":"37","author":"AB Kharsany","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00168-11","article-title":"Novel Vaginal Microflora Colonization Model Providing New Insight into Microbicide Mechanism of Action","volume":"2","author":"RN Fichorova","year":"2011","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.07.003","article-title":"The sooner the better: innate immunity as a path toward the HIV cure","volume":"19","author":"J Tomalka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.11.007","article-title":"Lactobacillus iners: Friend or Foe?","volume":"25","author":"MI Petrova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.04.019","article-title":"Cervicovaginal Bacteria Are a Major Modulator of Host Inflammatory Responses in the Female Genital Article Cervicovaginal Bacteria Are a Major Modulator of Host Inflammatory Responses in the Female Genital Tract","volume":"42","author":"MN Anahtar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00460","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00460-13","article-title":"Influence of Vaginal Bacteria and D\u2014and L -Lactic Acid Isomers on Vaginal Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer: Implications for Protection against Upper Genital Tract Infections","volume":"4","author":"SS Witkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref049","article-title":"Characterisation of probiotic properties in human vaginal lactobacilli strains","volume":"27","author":"P Hutt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb Ecol Health Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.04.001","article-title":"The role of lactic acid production by probiotic Lactobacillus species in vaginal health","volume":"168","author":"G Tachedjian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0418-3","article-title":"The implausible \u201cin vivo\u201d role of hydrogen peroxide as an antimicrobial factor produced by vaginal microbiota","volume":"6","author":"G Tachedjian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.62.3.1089-1092.1996","article-title":"Growth Inhibition of Metronidazole-Susceptible and Metronidazole-Resistant Strains of Gardnerella vaginalis by Lactobacilli In Vitro","volume":"62","author":"NW McLean","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref053","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Effect of biofilm phenotype on resistance of Gardnerella vaginalis to hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid","volume":"170","author":"JL Patterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2017.07.001","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility of probiotic strains: Is it reasonable to combine probiotics with antibiotics?","volume":"47","author":"C Neut","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1155\/S1064744901000072","article-title":"Effect of metronidazole on the growth of vaginal lactobacilli in vitro","volume":"9","author":"J a Simoes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-61.12.1636","article-title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility of Potentially Probiotic Lactobacillus Species","volume":"6","author":"WP Charteris","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-004-4431-3","article-title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Species from the Human Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"50","author":"S Delgado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref058","article-title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility of Potentially Probiotic Vaginal Lactobacilli","author":"VS Oca\u00f1a","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2691","article-title":"The IL-1 family: regulators of immunity","volume":"10","author":"JE Sims","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref060","article-title":"IL-8 Decreases HIV-1 Transcription in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes and Ectocervical Tissue Explants","volume":"54","author":"C Rollenhagen","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis298","article-title":"Symptomatic vaginal discharge is a poor predictor of sexually transmitted infections and genital tract inflammation in high-risk women in South Africa","volume":"206","author":"K Mlisana","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ298","article-title":"Genital Inflammation and the Risk of HIV Acquisition in Women","volume":"61","author":"L Masson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref063","first-page":"203","article-title":"Acquired antibiotic resistance genes: an overview","volume":"2","author":"AHAM van Hoek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(00)00003-6","article-title":"Induction of vaginal Lactobacillus phages by the cigarette smoke chemical benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide","volume":"466","author":"SI Pavlova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.1.31-39.2001","article-title":"Comparative Study of Vaginal Lactobacillus Phages Isolated from Women in the United States and Turkey: Prevalence, Morphology, Host Range, and DNA Homology","volume":"8","author":"AO Kilic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref066","first-page":"131","article-title":"Bacteriophage induction versus vaginal homeostasis: role of H2O2 in the selection of Lactobacillus defective prophages","volume":"12","author":"R Mart\u00edn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref067","article-title":"Comparative phase I randomized open-label pilot clinical trial versus slow release muco-adhesive tablets","author":"C Dausset","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref068","first-page":"1","article-title":"Converging epidemics of sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis in southern African female adolescents at risk of HIV","volume":"0","author":"SL Barnabas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.173.2.697-703.1991","article-title":"16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study","volume":"173","author":"WG Weisburg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"AM Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"A Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Comput Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3733","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv465","article-title":"GMcloser: closing gaps in assemblies accurately with a likelihood-based selection of contig or long-read alignments","volume":"31","author":"S Kosugi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086","article-title":"QUAST: quality assessment tool for genome assemblies","volume":"29","author":"A Gurevich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D206","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1226","article-title":"The SEED and the Rapid Annotation of microbial genomes using Subsystems Technology (RAST)","volume":"42","author":"R Overbeek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks261","article-title":"Identification of acquired antimicrobial resistance genes","volume":"67","author":"E Zankari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref076","first-page":"D517","article-title":"CARD 2020: antibiotic resistome surveillance with the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database","volume":"48","author":"BP Alcock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00483","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00483-19","article-title":"Validating the AMRFinder Tool and Resistance Gene Database by Using Antimicrobial Resistance Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in a Collection of Isolates","volume":"63","author":"M Feldgarden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw387","article-title":"PHASTER: a better, faster version of the PHAST phage search tool","volume":"44","author":"D Arndt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W246","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky425","article-title":"CRISPRCasFinder, an update of CRISRFinder, includes a portable version, enhanced performance and integrates search for Cas proteins","volume":"46","author":"D Couvin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.24046","article-title":"CRISPRTarget: bioinformatic prediction and analysis of crRNA targets","volume":"10","author":"A Biswas","year":"2013","journal-title":"RNA Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1008559.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cacc.2006.03.005","article-title":"Multiple comparisons","volume":"17","author":"MO Columb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Anaesth Crit Care"}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008559","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T19:16:01Z","timestamp":1696187761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008559"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Laurel A.","family":"Lagenaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008559","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]]}}}