{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T02:56:59Z","timestamp":1790650619216,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paramyxo- and filovirus nucleocapsids (NCs) have bipartite promoters at their 3\u2032 ends to initiate RNA synthesis. The 2 elements, promoter element 1 (PE1) and promoter element 2 (PE2), are separated by a spacer region that must be exactly a multiple of 6 nucleotides (nt) long. Paramyxovirus NCs have 13 nucleoprotein (NP) subunits\/turn, such that PE1 and PE2 are juxtaposed on the same face of the NC helix, for concerted recognition by the viral polymerase. Ebola virus (EBOV) NCs, in contrast, have 25 to 28 subunits\/turn, meaning that PE1 and PE2 cannot be juxtaposed. However, there is evidence that the number of subunits\/turn at the 3\u2032 end of the EBOV NC is variable. We propose a paramyxovirus-like model for EBOV explaining why there are 8 contiguous copies of the PE2 repeat when 3 are sufficient, why expanding this run to 13 further improves minigenome performance, and why there is a limit to the number of hexa-nt that can be inserted in the spacer region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T18:24:47Z","timestamp":1604600687000},"page":"e1008972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A paramyxovirus-like model for Ebola virus bipartite promoters"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1908-3921","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Irina","family":"Gutsche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8528-090X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philippe","family":"le Mercier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kolakofsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1008972.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02011","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02011-14","article-title":"Deep sequencing identifies noncanonical editing of Ebola and Marburg virus RNAs in infected cells","volume":"5","author":"RS Shabman","year":"2014","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ppat.1008972.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.4.3117-3128.1998","article-title":"The activity of Sendai virus genomic and antigenomic promoters requires a second element past the leader template regions: a motif (GNNNNN)3 is essential for replication","volume":"72","author":"C Tapparel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1008972.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.1.805-809.1999","article-title":"RNA replication for the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 requires an internal repeated (CGNNNN) sequence motif","volume":"73","author":"SK Murphy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1008972.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.1.10-19.1998","article-title":"A functional antigenomic promoter for the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 requires proper spacing between an essential internal segment and the 3\u2019 terminus","volume":"72","author":"SK Murphy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1008972.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10660","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.16.10660-10671.2005","article-title":"The Ebola virus genomic replication promoter is bipartite and follows the rule of six","volume":"79","author":"M Weik","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1008972.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4822","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.67.8.4822-4830.1993","article-title":"The rule of six, a basic feature for efficient replication of Sendai virus defective interfering RNA","volume":"67","author":"P Calain","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1008972.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.1.805-809.1999","article-title":"RNA replication for the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 requires an internal repeated (CGNNNN) sequence motif","volume":"73","author":"SK Murphy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1008972.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2004.05.015","article-title":"Conformational flexibility in recombinant measles virus nucleocapsids visualised by cryo-negative stain electron microscopy and real-space helical reconstruction","volume":"340","author":"D Bhella","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1008972.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2004.03.073","article-title":"The 12 A structure of trypsin-treated measles virus N-RNA","volume":"339","author":"G Schoehn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1008972.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01459-10","article-title":"Nucleoprotein-RNA orientation in the measles virus nucleocapsid by three-dimensional electron microscopy","volume":"85","author":"A Desfosses","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1008972.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa5137","article-title":"Structural virology. 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