{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:21:12Z","timestamp":1789690872413,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009007","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000}}],"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["100993\/Z\/13\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100993\/Z\/13\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Human Frontier Science Program","award":["RGY0066\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGY0066\/2016"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109007\/Z\/15\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109007\/Z\/15\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    All symptoms of malaria disease are associated with the asexual blood stages of development, involving cycles of red blood cell (RBC) invasion and egress by the\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. merozoite. Merozoite invasion is rapid and is actively powered by a parasite actomyosin motor. The current accepted model for actomyosin force generation envisages arrays of parasite myosins, pushing against short actin filaments connected to the external milieu that drive the merozoite forwards into the RBC. In\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the most virulent human malaria species, Myosin A (PfMyoA) is critical for parasite replication. However, the precise function of PfMyoA in invasion, its regulation, the role of other myosins and overall energetics of invasion remain unclear. Here, we developed a conditional mutagenesis strategy combined with live video microscopy to probe PfMyoA function and that of the auxiliary motor PfMyoB in invasion. By imaging conditional mutants with increasing defects in force production, based on disruption to a key PfMyoA phospho-regulation site, the absence of the PfMyoA essential light chain, or complete motor absence, we define three distinct stages of incomplete RBC invasion. These three defects reveal three energetic barriers to successful entry: RBC deformation (pre-entry), mid-invasion initiation, and completion of internalisation, each requiring an active parasite motor. In defining distinct energetic barriers to invasion, these data illuminate the mechanical challenges faced in this remarkable process of protozoan parasitism, highlighting distinct myosin functions and identifying potential targets for preventing malaria pathogenesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T14:48:26Z","timestamp":1603723706000},"page":"e1009007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Actomyosin forces and the energetics of red blood cell invasion by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8534-0025","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas C. A.","family":"Blake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0870-3715","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Silvia","family":"Haase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0275-352X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jake","family":"Baum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1009007.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuz005","article-title":"Targeting malaria parasite invasion of red blood cells as an antimalarial strategy","volume":"43","author":"AL Burns","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ppat.1009007.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2014.05.024","article-title":"Membrane-wrapping contributions to malaria parasite invasion of the human erythrocyte","volume":"107","author":"S Dasgupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"ppat.1009007.ref003","article-title":"Gliding motility of Plasmodium merozoites","author":"K Yahata","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ppat.1009007.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7285","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8285","article-title":"Phosphoproteomics reveals malaria parasite Protein Kinase G as a signalling hub regulating egress and invasion","volume":"6","author":"MM Alam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ppat.1009007.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14378","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009198107","article-title":"Isolation of viable Plasmodium falciparum merozoites to define erythrocyte invasion events and advance vaccine and drug development","volume":"107","author":"MJ Boyle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ppat.1009007.ref006","first-page":"e1005343","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum Adhesins Play an Essential Role in Signalling and Activation of Invasion into Human Erythrocytes.","volume":"11","author":"W-H Tham","year":"2015"},{"key":"ppat.1009007.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1126\/science.803712","article-title":"Invasion of erythrocytes by malaria merozoites","volume":"187","author":"J Dvorak","year":"1975","journal-title":"Science (80-)"},{"key":"ppat.1009007.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.09.007","article-title":"Morphology and kinetics of the three distinct phases of red blood cell invasion by Plasmodium falciparum merozoites","volume":"39","author":"PR Gilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ppat.1009007.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.12.003","article-title":"Super-resolution dissection of coordinated events during malaria parasite invasion of the human erythrocyte","volume":"9","author":"DT Riglar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ppat.1009007.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004670","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004670","article-title":"Revealing the Sequence and Resulting Cellular Morphology of Receptor-Ligand Interactions during Plasmodium falciparum Invasion of Erythrocytes","volume":"11","author":"GE Weiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog"},{"key":"ppat.1009007.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209875","article-title":"Revealing a parasite\u2019s invasive trick","volume":"333","author":"J Baum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1009007.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.149.1.172","article-title":"Interaction between cytochalasin B-treated malarial parasites and erythrocytes. 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