{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:57:27Z","timestamp":1790848647700,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009037","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605830400000}}],"reference-count":208,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since SARS-CoV-2 appeared in the human population, the scientific community has scrambled to gather as much information as possible to find good strategies for the containment and treatment of this pandemic virus. Here, we performed a systematic review of the current (pre)published SARS-CoV-2 literature with a focus on the evidence concerning SARS-CoV-2 distribution in human tissues and viral shedding in body fluids. In addition, this evidence is aligned with published ACE2 entry-receptor (single cell) expression data across the human body to construct a viral distribution and ACE2 receptor body map. We highlight the broad organotropism of SARS-CoV-2, as many studies identified viral components (RNA, proteins) in multiple organs, including the pharynx, trachea, lungs, blood, heart, vessels, intestines, brain, male genitals and kidneys. This also implicates the presence of viral components in various body fluids such as mucus, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, semen and breast milk. The main SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, ACE2, is expressed at different levels in multiple tissues throughout the human body, but its expression levels do not always correspond with SARS-CoV-2 detection, indicating that there is a complex interplay between virus and host. Together, these data shed new light on the current view of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and lay the foundation for better diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T17:50:18Z","timestamp":1604080218000},"page":"e1009037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":198,"title":["On the whereabouts of SARS-CoV-2 in the human body: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9066-4932","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wim","family":"Trypsteen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1598-3057","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jolien","family":"Van 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bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in COVID-19 patients.","volume":"9","author":"Y Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerging microbes & infections."},{"key":"ppat.1009037.ref051","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Integrated analysis of bulk multi omic and single-cell sequencing data confirms the molecular origin of hemodynamic changes in Covid-19 infection explaining coagulopathy and higher geriatric mortality.","author":"S Johri","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ppat.1009037.ref052","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Traces of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the Blood of COVID-19 Patients.","author":"A Moustafa","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ppat.1009037.ref053","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Isolation, sequence, infectivity and replication kinetics of SARS-CoV-2.","author":"A Banerjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ppat.1009037.ref054","first-page":"2020","article-title":"High frequency of 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Radzikowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ppat.1009037.ref058","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Persistent viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in faeces\u2014a rapid review.","author":"S Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1009037.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2011335","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.11335","article-title":"Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Fecal Viral Shedding in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","volume":"3","author":"S Parasa","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1009037.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000664","article-title":"Digestive Symptoms in COVID-19 Patients With Mild Disease Severity: Clinical Presentation, Stool Viral RNA Testing, and Outcomes","volume":"115","author":"C Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J 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