{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T06:18:04Z","timestamp":1785392284024,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009104","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608681600000}}],"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001663","name":"Volkswagen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A112662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A112662"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modified-live herpesvirus vaccines are widely used in humans and animals, but field strains can emerge that have a higher virulence and break vaccinal protection. Since the introduction of the first vaccine in the 1970s, Marek\u2019s disease virus overcame the vaccine barrier by the acquisition of numerous genomic mutations. However, the evolutionary adaptations in the herpesvirus genome responsible for the vaccine breaks have remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that point mutations in the multifunctional <jats:italic>meq<\/jats:italic> gene acquired during evolution can significantly alter virulence. Defined mutations found in highly virulent strains also allowed the virus to overcome innate cellular responses and vaccinal protection. Concomitantly, the adaptations in <jats:italic>meq<\/jats:italic> enhanced virus shedding into the environment, likely providing a selective advantage for the virus. Our study provides the first experimental evidence that few point mutations in a single herpesviral gene result in drastically increased virulence, enhanced shedding, and escape from vaccinal protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T19:30:59Z","timestamp":1607715059000},"page":"e1009104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Distinct polymorphisms in a single herpesvirus gene are capable of enhancing virulence and mediating vaccinal resistance"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9975-0642","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andel\u00e9 M.","family":"Conradie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0698-5395","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luca D.","family":"Bertzbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Trimpert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph N.","family":"Patria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiro","family":"Murata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0311-3820","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark S.","family":"Parcells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1328-2695","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benedikt B.","family":"Kaufer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009104.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.040089","article-title":"Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide","volume":"86","author":"FE Andre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"51","key":"ppat.1009104.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12878","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717159115","article-title":"Why the evolution of vaccine resistance is less of a concern than the evolution of drug resistance","volume":"115","author":"DA Kennedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ppat.1009104.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2018.01.001","article-title":"Modeling Marek's disease virus transmission: A framework for evaluating the impact of farming practices and evolution","volume":"23","author":"DA Kennedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemics-Neth"},{"key":"ppat.1009104.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199207466.003.0011","volume-title":"Evolution in Health and Disease","author":"AF Read","year":"2007","edition":"2"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1009104.ref005","article-title":"Imperfect Vaccination Can Enhance the Transmission of Highly Virulent Pathogens","volume":"13","author":"AF Read","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009104.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12030647","article-title":"Latest Insights into Marek's Disease Virus Pathogenesis and Tumorigenesis","volume":"12","author":"LD Bertzbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"ppat.1009104.ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"Marek's disease vaccines\u2014Past, present and future\u2014[Chicken vs virus\u2014A battle of the centuries]","author":"RL Witter","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Bart Rispens Memorial Lecture. Current Progress on Marek's Disease Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009104.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2307\/1592455","article-title":"Increased virulence of Marek's disease virus field isolates","volume":"41","author":"RL Witter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1009104.ref009","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Marek\u2019s Disease. Developments in Veterinary Virology","author":"Springer","year":"1985"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1009104.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0162180-e","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162180","article-title":"Positive Selection Drives Rapid Evolution of the meq Oncogene of Marek's Disease Virus","volume":"11","author":"A Padhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"ppat.1009104.ref011","article-title":"Marek's disease viruses circulating in commercial poultry in Italy in the years 2015\u20132018 are closely related by their meq gene phylogeny","author":"G Mescolini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1009104.ref012","unstructured":"Witter RL, editor Evolution of virulence of Marek's disease virus: Evidence for a novel pathotype. International Marek's Disease Symposium Abstracts and Proceedings; 1996 9\/7\/1996."},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009104.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450500059255","article-title":"Classification of Marek's disease viruses according to pathotype: philosophy and methodology","volume":"34","author":"RL Witter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009104.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1637\/11429-050216-Hist","article-title":"History of the First-Generation Marek's Disease Vaccines: The Science and Little-Known Facts","volume":"60","author":"KA Schat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009104.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.2307\/1588905","article-title":"Control of Marek's disease in the Netherlands. I. Isolation of an avirulent Marek's disease virus (strain CVI 988) and its use in laboratory vaccination trials","volume":"16","author":"BH Rispens","year":"1972","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"ppat.1009104.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.04.009","article-title":"Marek's disease vaccines: a solution for today but a worry for tomorrow?","volume":"26","author":"IM Gimeno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009104.ref017","first-page":"327","article-title":"Animal vaccination and the evolution of viral pathogens","volume":"26","author":"KA Schat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009104.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.4.1.77","article-title":"Use of Marek's disease vaccines: could they be driving the virus to increasing virulence?","volume":"4","author":"F Davison","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1009104.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12515","article-title":"A phylogenomic analysis of Marek's disease virus reveals independent paths to virulence in Eurasia and North America","volume":"10","author":"J Trimpert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evol Appl"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1009104.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001288","article-title":"Identification of Marek's disease virus genes associated with virulence of US strains","volume":"100","author":"JR Dunn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"32","key":"ppat.1009104.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11815","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404508101","article-title":"Marek's disease virus-encoded Meq gene is involved in transformation of lymphocytes but is dispensable for replication","volume":"101","author":"B Lupiani","year":"2004","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1009104.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507595103","article-title":"Interaction of MEQ protein and C-terminal-binding protein is critical for induction of lymphomas by Marek's disease virus","volume":"103","author":"AC Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009104.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.04.038","article-title":"Marek's disease: Genetic regulation of gallid herpesvirus 2 infection and latency","volume":"205","author":"I Gennart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ppat.1009104.ref024","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Current Research on Marek's Disease","author":"Z Qian","year":"1996"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1009104.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4037","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.69.7.4037-4044.1995","article-title":"Transactivation activity of Meq, a Marek's disease herpesvirus bZIP protein persistently expressed in latently infected transformed T cells","volume":"69","author":"Z Qian","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ppat.1009104.ref026","first-page":"51","article-title":"Marek's disease herpesvirus transforming protein MEQ: a c-Jun analogue with an alternative life style","volume":"21","author":"JL Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"ppat.1009104.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.06.007","article-title":"Comparative analysis of Marek's disease virus (MDV) glycoprotein-, lytic antigen pp38- and transformation antigen Meq-encoding genes: association of meq mutations with MDVs of high virulence","volume":"102","author":"CE Shamblin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1009104.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00658-19","article-title":"A Common Live-Attenuated Avian Herpesvirus Vaccine Expresses a Very Potent Oncogene","volume":"4","author":"AM Conradie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"key":"ppat.1009104.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472537","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/472537","article-title":"Viral bacterial artificial chromosomes: generation, mutagenesis, and removal of mini-F sequences","volume":"2012","author":"BK Tischer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009104.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2144\/000112096","article-title":"Two-step red-mediated recombination for versatile high-efficiency markerless DNA manipulation in Escherichia coli","volume":"40","author":"BK Tischer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"ppat.1009104.ref031","first-page":"513","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry","author":"KA Schat","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009104.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1637\/10356-091012-Reg.1","article-title":"Relationship between levels of very virulent MDV in poultry dust and in feather tips from vaccinated chickens","volume":"57","author":"SJ Baigent","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1009104.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007999","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007999","article-title":"Avian oncogenic herpesvirus antagonizes the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway to mediate immune evasion","volume":"15","author":"K Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009104.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1637\/10812-030614-Reg.1","article-title":"Molecular evolution of Marek's disease virus (MDV) field strains in a 40-year time period","volume":"58","author":"G Wozniakowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009104.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2004.05.009","article-title":"Evolution of Marek's disease\u2014A paradigm for incessant race between the pathogen and the host","volume":"170","author":"V Nair","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ppat.1009104.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-031413-085422","article-title":"Herpesvirus Genome Integration into Telomeric Repeats of Host Cell Chromosomes","volume":"1","author":"N Osterrieder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annual Review of Virology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009104.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.3.1160-1166.2006","article-title":"Nuclear localization and dynamic properties of the Marek's disease virus oncogene products Meq and Meq\/vIL8","volume":"80","author":"JM Anobile","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009104.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030264","article-title":"The Transcriptional Landscape of Marek's Disease Virus in Primary Chicken B Cells Reveals Novel Splice Variants and Genes","volume":"11","author":"LD Bertzbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"32","key":"ppat.1009104.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11815","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404508101","article-title":"Marek's disease virus-encoded Meq gene is involved in transformation of lymphocytes but is dispensable for replication","volume":"101","author":"B Lupiani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ppat.1009104.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2009.01.008","article-title":"In vitro characterization of the Meq proteins of Marek's disease virus vaccine strain CVI988","volume":"142","author":"DK Ajithdoss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009104.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1637\/9955-100611-Reg.1","article-title":"Selection of a Recombinant Marek's Disease Virus In Vivo Through Expression of the Marek's EcoRI-Q (Meq)-Encoded Oncoprotein: Characterization of an rMd5-Based Mutant Expressing the Meq of Strain RB-1B","volume":"56","author":"P Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Avian Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009104.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.62.287","article-title":"Difference in the meq gene between oncogenic and attenuated strains of Marek's disease virus serotype 1","volume":"62","author":"SI Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1009104.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052240","article-title":"A virus-encoded telomerase RNA promotes malignant T cell lymphomagenesis","volume":"203","author":"S Trapp","year":"2006","journal-title":"JExpMed"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009104.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-011-0612-x","article-title":"Analysis of transcriptional activities of the Meq proteins present in highly virulent Marek's disease virus strains, RB1B and Md5","volume":"43","author":"S Murata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1009104.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001073","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001073","article-title":"Herpesvirus telomerase RNA(vTR)-dependent lymphoma formation does not require interaction of vTR with telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT)","volume":"6","author":"BB Kaufer","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ppat.1009104.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-6-123","article-title":"Nuclear Factor kappa B is central to Marek's Disease herpesvirus induced neoplastic transformation of CD30 expressing lymphocytes in-vivo","volume":"6","author":"S Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bmc Syst Biol"},{"issue":"38","key":"ppat.1009104.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13879","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305789101","article-title":"Marek's disease is a natural model for lymphomas overexpressing Hodgkin's disease antigen (CD30)","volume":"101","author":"SC Burgess","year":"2004","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009104.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00569-18","article-title":"Imaging Mass Spectrometry and Proteome Analysis of Marek's Disease Virus-Induced Tumors","volume":"4","author":"VI Pauker","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ppat.1009104.ref049","first-page":"155","article-title":"Evolution of Viral Virulence: Empirical Studies","author":"G Kurath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Evolution: Current Research and Future Directions"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009104.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2012.677804","article-title":"Competition between two virulent Marek's disease virus strains in vivo","volume":"41","author":"JR Dunn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009104.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101402","article-title":"Herpesvirus telomeric repeats facilitate genomic integration into host telomeres and mobilization of viral DNA during reactivation","volume":"208","author":"BB Kaufer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1009104.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162180","article-title":"Positive Selection Drives Rapid Evolution of the meq Oncogene of Marek's Disease Virus","volume":"11","author":"A Padhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"ppat.1009104.ref053","article-title":"The Meq oncoprotein of Marek's disease virus interacts with p53 and inhibits its transcriptional and apoptotic activities","volume":"7","author":"XF Deng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009104.ref054","first-page":"220","article-title":"Long story short: p53 mediates innate immunity","volume":"1865","author":"J Miciak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"23","key":"ppat.1009104.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11088","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.23.11088-11098.2000","article-title":"Reconstitution of Marek's Disease Virus Serotype 1 (MDV-1) from DNA Cloned as a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome and Characterization of a Glycoprotein B-Negative MDV-1 Mutant","volume":"74","author":"D Schumacher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"16","key":"ppat.1009104.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8536","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00556-12","article-title":"Marek's Disease Viral Interleukin-8 Promotes Lymphoma Formation through Targeted Recruitment of B Cells and CD4(+) CD25(+) T Cells","volume":"86","author":"AT Engel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009104.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-006-0004-9","article-title":"Multiple alternative splicing to exons II and III of viral interleukin-8 (v1L-8) in the Marek's disease virus genome: the importance of vIL-8 exon I","volume":"34","author":"KW Jarosinski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1009104.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3987","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.7.3987-3997.2005","article-title":"The protein encoded by the U(s)3 orthologue of Marek's disease virus is required for efficient de-envelopment of perinuclear virions and involved in actin stress fiber breakdown","volume":"79","author":"D Schumacher","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009104.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.07.017","article-title":"Association between rate of viral genome replication and virulence of Marek's disease herpesvirus strains","volume":"328","author":"R Yunis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1009104.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120588","article-title":"Marek's Disease Virus Infection of Natural Killer Cells","volume":"7","author":"LD Bertzbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ppat.1009104.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18638-7","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNAs (EBERs) complement the loss of Herpesvirus telomerase RNA (vTR) in virus-induced tumor formation","volume":"8","author":"A Kheimar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009104.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870101300212","article-title":"Isolation of genomic DNA from feathers","volume":"13","author":"N Bello","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009104.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1637\/11282-091615-Reg.1","article-title":"Efficacy of a Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus H5 Vaccine Against Challenge With H5N1 Clades 1.1.2 and 2.3.2.1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Domestic Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)","volume":"60","author":"MJ Pantin-Jackwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ppat.1009104.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2005.10.009","article-title":"Absolute quantitation of Marek's disease virus and Herpesvirus of turkeys in chicken lymphocyte, feather tip and dust samples using real-time PCR","volume":"132","author":"A Islam","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1009104.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0598-z","article-title":"Author Correction: A proofreading-impaired herpesvirus generates populations with quasispecies-like structure","volume":"4","author":"J Trimpert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"ppat.1009104.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"AM Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"14","key":"ppat.1009104.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324","article-title":"Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform","volume":"25","author":"H Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ppat.1009104.ref068","article-title":"Haplotype-based variant detection from short-read sequencing","volume":"2012","author":"E Garrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"arXiv e-prints"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009104.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-45-36","article-title":"Marek's disease virus and skin interactions","volume":"45","author":"M Couteaudier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"23","key":"ppat.1009104.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7279","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1424420112","article-title":"In vitro model for lytic replication, latency, and transformation of an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus","volume":"112","author":"J Schermuly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009104","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608681600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T20:07:55Z","timestamp":1608754075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009104"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Moriah L.","family":"Szpara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009104","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009104","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]}}}