{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T02:51:06Z","timestamp":1778122266216,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009260","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000}}],"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007747","name":"University of Utah","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Showalter Trust"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14SDG18230012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14SDG18230012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI135045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI135045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18PRE34030086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18PRE34030086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Epidemiological studies have identified a correlation between maternal helminth infections and reduced immunity to some early childhood vaccinations, but the cellular basis for this is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of maternal\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection on steady-state offspring immunity, as well as immunity induced by a commercial tetanus\/diphtheria vaccine using a dual IL-4 reporter mouse model of maternal schistosomiasis. We demonstrate that offspring born to\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infected mothers have reduced circulating plasma cells and peripheral lymph node follicular dendritic cells at steady state. These reductions correlate with reduced production of IL-4 by iNKT cells, the cellular source of IL-4 in the peripheral lymph node during early life. These defects in follicular dendritic cells and IL-4 production were maintained long-term with reduced secretion of IL-4 in the germinal center and reduced generation of TFH, memory B, and memory T cells in response to immunization with tetanus\/diphtheria. Using single-cell RNASeq following tetanus\/diphtheria immunization of offspring, we identified a defect in cell-cycle and cell-proliferation pathways in addition to a reduction in Ebf-1, a key B-cell transcription factor, in the majority of follicular B cells. These reductions are dependent on the presence of egg antigens in the mother, as offspring born to single-sex infected mothers do not have these transcriptional defects. These data indicate that maternal schistosomiasis leads to long-term defects in antigen-induced cellular immunity, and for the first time provide key mechanistic insight into the factors regulating reduced immunity in offspring born to\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infected mothers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T17:45:04Z","timestamp":1612201504000},"page":"e1009260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Maternal schistosomiasis impairs offspring Interleukin-4 production and B cell expansion"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9203-2090","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Diana","family":"Cort\u00e9s-Selva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4567-6659","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lisa","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6885-602X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew","family":"Ready","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7718-6841","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"H. Atakan","family":"Ekiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"O\u2019Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7540-8236","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bartek","family":"Rajwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8382-2960","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keke C.","family":"Fairfax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1009260.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.07.009","article-title":"The chronic enteropathogenic disease schistosomiasis","volume":"28","author":"DU Olveda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J 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