{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:50:27Z","timestamp":1791528627724,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009345","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000}}],"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AI116059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI116059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Paul Allen Stanford Discovery Center on Systems Modeling of Infection"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA 240\/10-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA 240\/10-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Stanford Graduate Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sensing and responding to environmental signals is critical for bacterial pathogens to successfully infect and persist within hosts. Many bacterial pathogens sense temperature as an indication they have entered a new host and must alter their virulence factor expression to evade immune detection. Using secondary structure prediction, we identified an RNA thermosensor (RNAT) in the 5\u2019 untranslated region (UTR) of <jats:italic>tviA<\/jats:italic> encoded by the typhoid fever-causing bacterium <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Typhi (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi). Importantly, <jats:italic>tviA<\/jats:italic> is a transcriptional regulator of the critical virulence factors Vi capsule, flagellin, and type III secretion system-1 expression. By introducing point mutations to alter the mRNA secondary structure, we demonstrate that the 5\u2019 UTR of <jats:italic>tviA<\/jats:italic> contains a functional RNAT using <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> expression, structure probing, and ribosome binding methods. Mutational inhibition of the RNAT in <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi causes aberrant virulence factor expression, leading to enhanced innate immune responses during infection. In conclusion, we show that <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi regulates virulence factor expression through an RNAT in the 5\u2019 UTR of <jats:italic>tviA<\/jats:italic>. Our findings demonstrate that limiting inflammation through RNAT-dependent regulation in response to host body temperature is important for <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi\u2019s \u201cstealthy\u201d pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T18:49:58Z","timestamp":1614710998000},"page":"e1009345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["A Salmonella Typhi RNA thermosensor regulates virulence factors and innate immune evasion in response to host temperature"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2556-8829","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susan M.","family":"Brewer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Twittenhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Kortmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sky W.","family":"Brubaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Honeycutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana Moura","family":"Massis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trung H. 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