{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T03:11:21Z","timestamp":1779160281615,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009352","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000}}],"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005795","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMRPE22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMRPE22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fast Grant","award":["BRD00230-CF01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRD00230-CF01"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Innovation Fund for Medical Science","award":["2018-I2M-2-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-I2M-2-002"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Innovation Fund for Medical Science","award":["2018-I2M-2-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-I2M-2-002"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Innovation Fund for Medical Science","award":["2018-I2M-2-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-I2M-2-002"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Innovation Fund for Medical Science","award":["2018-I2M-2-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-I2M-2-002"]}]},{"name":"EPA Cephalosporin Fund"},{"name":"Townsend\u2013Jeantet Charitable Trust","award":["1011770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1011770"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FC001030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC001030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["FC001030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC001030"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FC001030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC001030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of Oxford\u2019s COVID-19 Research Response Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Serological and plasmablast responses and plasmablast-derived IgG monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been analysed in three COVID-19 patients with different clinical severities. Potent humoral responses were detected within 3 weeks of onset of illness in all patients and the serological titre was elicited soon after or concomitantly with peripheral plasmablast response. An average of 13.7% and 3.5% of plasmablast-derived MAbs were reactive with virus spike glycoprotein or nucleocapsid, respectively. A subset of anti-spike (10 of 32) antibodies cross-reacted with other betacoronaviruses tested and harboured extensive somatic mutations, indicative of an expansion of memory B cells upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Fourteen of 32 anti-spike MAbs, including five anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD), three anti-non-RBD S1 and six anti-S2, neutralised wild-type SARS-CoV-2 in independent assays. Anti-RBD MAbs were further grouped into four cross-inhibiting clusters, of which six antibodies from three separate clusters blocked the binding of RBD to ACE2 and five were neutralising. All ACE2-blocking anti-RBD antibodies were isolated from two recovered patients with prolonged fever, which is compatible with substantial ACE2-blocking response in their sera. Finally, the identification of non-competing pairs of neutralising antibodies would offer potential templates for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T18:45:43Z","timestamp":1614365143000},"page":"e1009352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Breadth and function of antibody response to acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6891-6945","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kuan-Ying A.","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8746-8308","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tiong Kit","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8104-0562","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ting-Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0598-5684","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chung-Guei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0545-244X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saira","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0629-9790","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cheng-Pin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1479-959X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adam","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1268-2304","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Javier","family":"Gilbert-Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1254-7970","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8780-1630","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6305-8240","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lisa","family":"Schimanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4874-401X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shin-Ru","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Chun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1886-0370","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chien-Yu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6256-0527","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shu-Hsing","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yhu-Chering","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6175-2471","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tzou-Yien","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-Tsrong","family":"Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4741-2307","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Che","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2506-1198","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2818-5089","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rodney S.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4744-6347","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John W.","family":"McCauley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9214-9851","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pramila","family":"Rijal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3702-0107","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alain R.","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine","volume":"383","author":"FP Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine","volume":"384","author":"LR Baden","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138745","article-title":"Deployment of convalescent plasma for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19","volume":"130","author":"EM Bloch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10044","article-title":"Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients With Severe and Life-threatening COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"324","author":"L Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2033700","article-title":"Early High-Titer Plasma Therapy to Prevent Severe Covid-19 in Older Adults","volume":"384","author":"R Libster","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1271-9","article-title":"Use of convalescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong","volume":"24","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein","volume":"181","author":"AC Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0819-2","article-title":"Breadth of concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: a case report of non-severe COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"I Thevarajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1086\/423286","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection","volume":"190","author":"Y Nie","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0897-1","article-title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"QX Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000763","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00763-2020","article-title":"Serology characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection since exposure and post symptom onset","volume":"56","author":"B Lou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1155\/2006\/152612","article-title":"An Outbreak of Human Coronavirus OC43 Infection and Serological Cross-reactivity with SARS Coronavirus","volume":"17","author":"DM Patrick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd4250","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4250","article-title":"Viral epitope profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals cross-reactivity and correlates of severity","volume":"370","author":"E Shrock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref014","article-title":"Serologic cross-reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 with endemic and seasonal Betacoronaviruses","author":"J Hicks","journal-title":"Preprint. medRxiv"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11414","article-title":"Cross-neutralization of influenza A viruses mediated by a single antibody loop","volume":"489","author":"DC Ekiert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.01.052","article-title":"Structural insights on the role of antibodies in HIV-1 vaccine and therapy","volume":"156","author":"AP West","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-020-0469-6","article-title":"Neutralizing nanobodies bind SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and block interaction with ACE2","volume":"27","author":"J Huo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-020-0480-y","article-title":"Structural basis for the neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by an antibody from a convalescent patient","volume":"27","author":"D Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8855","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b02805","article-title":"Engineering a Rugged Nanoscaffold To Enhance Plug-and-Display Vaccination","volume":"12","author":"TUJ Bruun","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref020","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody structures inform therapeutic strategies","author":"CO Barnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e237","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030237","article-title":"Human monoclonal antibody combination against SARS coronavirus: synergy and coverage of escape mutants","volume":"3","author":"J ter Meulen","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.06.010","article-title":"Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by Destruction of the Prefusion Spike","volume":"28","author":"J Huo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7269","article-title":"A highly conserved cryptic epitope in the receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV","volume":"368","author":"M Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.031","article-title":"Structural Basis for Potent Neutralization of Betacoronaviruses by Single-Domain Camelid Antibodies","volume":"181","author":"D Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.03.020","article-title":"Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies for Ebola Virus Infection Derived from Vaccinated Humans","volume":"27","author":"P Rijal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2349-y","article-title":"Cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by a human monoclonal SARS-CoV antibody","volume":"583","author":"D Pinto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0438-3","article-title":"Protective humoral immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infected pediatric patients","volume":"17","author":"Y Zhang","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol. 2020"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1886","article-title":"Competence and competition: the challenge of becoming a long-lived plasma cell","volume":"6","author":"A Radbruch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02138","article-title":"Factors Affecting Early Antibody Secreting Cell Maturation Into Long-Lived Plasma Cells","volume":"10","author":"DC Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2217","article-title":"Germinal centres: role in B-cell physiology and malignancy","volume":"8","author":"U Klein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00078","article-title":"Origin and Function of Circulating Plasmablasts during Acute Viral Infections","volume":"3","author":"K Fink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0303-7","article-title":"Structure-function analysis of neutralizing antibodies to H7N9 influenza from naturally infected humans","volume":"4","author":"KA Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.57.4.933","article-title":"Recovery in tracheal organ cultures of novel viruses from patients with respiratory disease","volume":"57","author":"K McIntosh","year":"1967","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa185","article-title":"Epidemiology of Seasonal Coronaviruses: Establishing the Context for the Emergence of Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"222","author":"S Nickbakhsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1509458","article-title":"Human Coronavirus OC43 Associated with Fatal Encephalitis","volume":"375","author":"S Morfopoulou","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00124-08","article-title":"Development of a nucleocapsid-based human coronavirus immunoassay and estimates of individuals exposed to coronavirus in a U.S. metropolitan population","volume":"15","author":"EG Severance","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.11.011","article-title":"The dominance of human coronavirus OC43 and NL63 infections in infants","volume":"53","author":"R Dijkman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.08.007","article-title":"The human immune response to Dengue virus is dominated by highly cross-reactive antibodies endowed with neutralizing and enhancing activity","volume":"8","author":"M Beltramello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan6809","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aan6809","article-title":"Zika virus activates de novo and cross-reactive memory B cell responses in dengue-experienced donors","volume":"2","author":"TF Rogers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101352","article-title":"Broadly cross-reactive antibodies dominate the human B cell response against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection","volume":"208","author":"J Wrammert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4908","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.8.4908","article-title":"Receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein contains multiple conformation-dependent epitopes that induce highly potent neutralizing antibodies","volume":"174","author":"Y He","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref042","first-page":"437","volume-title":"Nature","author":"DF Robbiani","year":"2020"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.025","article-title":"Potent Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Identified by High-Throughput Single-Cell Sequencing of Convalescent Patients\u2019 B Cells","volume":"182","author":"Y Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2571-7","article-title":"Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike","volume":"584","author":"L Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc2241","article-title":"A noncompeting pair of human neutralizing antibodies block COVID-19 virus binding to its receptor ACE2","volume":"368","author":"Y Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc5902","article-title":"Potent neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients define multiple targets of vulnerability","volume":"369","author":"PJM Brouwer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0827","article-title":"Studies in humanized mice and convalescent humans yield a SARS-CoV-2 antibody cocktail","volume":"369","author":"J Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc7520","article-title":"Isolation of potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and protection from disease in a small animal model","volume":"369","author":"TF Rogers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2380-z","article-title":"Human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"584","author":"B Ju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref050","first-page":"2251","article-title":"A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"11","author":"C Wang","journal-title":"Nat Commun. 2020"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0426-7","article-title":"Human monoclonal antibodies block the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor","volume":"17","author":"X Chen","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol. 2020"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ppat.1009352.ref052","first-page":"S142","article-title":"Receptor-binding domain as a target for developing SARS vaccines","volume":"5","author":"X Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref053","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain elicits a potent neutralizing response without antibody-dependent enhancement","author":"BD Quinlan","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2599-8","article-title":"A vaccine targeting the RBD of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces protective immunity","volume":"586","author":"J Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2179-y","article-title":"Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"581","author":"J Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2180-5","article-title":"Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor","volume":"581","author":"J Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.045","article-title":"Structural and Functional Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2","volume":"181","author":"Q Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref058","article-title":"Complete mapping of mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain that escape antibody recognition","author":"AJ Greaney","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0831","article-title":"Antibody cocktail to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein prevents rapid mutational escape seen with individual antibodies","volume":"369","author":"A Baum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6952","article-title":"A neutralizing human antibody binds to the N-terminal domain of the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"369","author":"X Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000291","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.28.2000291","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies for the S2 subunit of spike of SARS-CoV-1 cross-react with the newly-emerged SARS-CoV-2","volume":"25","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.2.941-950.2006","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies targeting the HR2 domain and the region immediately upstream of the HR2 of the S protein neutralize in vitro infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"80","author":"KM Lip","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir084","article-title":"Fully human monoclonal antibody directed to proteolytic cleavage site in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus S protein neutralizes the virus in a rhesus macaque SARS model","volume":"203","author":"T Miyoshi-Akiyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref064","article-title":"Antibody signature induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens in rabbits.","author":"S Ravichandran","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med. 2020"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57877","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.57877","article-title":"Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and their potential for therapeutic passive immunization","volume":"9","author":"PJ Klasse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe1107","article-title":"Preexisting and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans","volume":"370","author":"KW Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01991","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01991-20","article-title":"S Protein-Reactive IgG and Memory B Cell Production after Human SARS-CoV-2 Infection Includes Broad Reactivity to the S2 Subunit","volume":"11","author":"P Nguyen-Contant","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12333","article-title":"Optimisation of a micro-neutralisation assay and its application in antigenic characterisation of influenza viruses","volume":"9","author":"Y Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"ppat.1009352.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50569","article-title":"Isolation and rapid sharing of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) from the first patient diagnosed with COVID-19 in Australia","volume":"212","author":"L Caly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med J Aust."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010148","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000}},{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009352","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009352","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T17:50:26Z","timestamp":1621360226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009352"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Benhur","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009352","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010148","asserted-by":"object"}],"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009352","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]}}}