{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:07:22Z","timestamp":1784124442240,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lancaster University, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences","award":["PhD Studentship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD Studentship"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104250\/B\/14\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104250\/B\/14\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Globally visceral leishmaniasis (VL) causes thousands of human deaths every year. In South America, the etiologic agent,\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is transmitted from an infected canine reservoir to human hosts by the bite of the sand fly vector; predominantly\n                    <jats:italic>Lutzomyia longipalpis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Previous evidence from model rodent systems have suggested that the odour of infected hosts is altered by the parasite making them more attractive to the vector leading to an increased biting rate and improved transmission prospects for the pathogen. However, there has been no assessment of the effect of\n                    <jats:italic>Le infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection on the attractiveness of dogs, which are the natural reservoirs for human infection. Hair collected from infected and uninfected dogs residing in a VL endemic city in Brazil was entrained to collect the volatile chemical odours present in the headspace. Female and male\n                    <jats:italic>Lu<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>longipalpis<\/jats:italic>\n                    sand flies were offered a choice of odour entrained from infected and uninfected dogs in a series of behavioural experiments. Odour of uninfected dogs was equally attractive to male or female\n                    <jats:italic>Lu<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>longipalpis<\/jats:italic>\n                    when compared to a solvent control. Female\n                    <jats:italic>Lu<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>longipalpis<\/jats:italic>\n                    were significantly more attracted to infected dog odour than uninfected dog odour in all 15 experimental replicates (average 45.7\u00b10.87 females attracted to infected odour; 23.9\u00b10.82 to uninfected odour; paired T-test,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.000). Male\n                    <jats:italic>Lu<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>longipalpis<\/jats:italic>\n                    did not significantly prefer either infected or uninfected odour (average 36.1\u00b10.4 males to infected odour; 35.7\u00b10.6 to uninfected odour; paired T-test,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.722). A significantly greater proportion of females chose the infected dog odour compared to the males (paired T-test,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.000). The results showed that the odour of dogs infected with\n                    <jats:italic>Le<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    was significantly more attractive to blood-seeking female sand flies than it was to male sand flies. This is strong evidence for parasite manipulation of the host odour in a natural transmission system and indicates that infected dogs may have a disproportionate significance in maintaining infection in the canine and human population.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T13:29:03Z","timestamp":1616074143000},"page":"e1009354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Odour of domestic dogs infected with Leishmania infantum is attractive to female but not male sand flies: Evidence for parasite manipulation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9486-1981","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Monica E.","family":"Staniek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9196-8516","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James G. 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