{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:38:06Z","timestamp":1790671086386,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Distinguished Scholars Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Distinguished Scholars Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI001250-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI001250-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AI060546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI060546"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI130139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI130139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Malaria, caused by infection with\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites, remains a significant global health concern. For decades, genetic intractability and limited tools hindered our ability to study essential proteins and pathways in\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the parasite associated with the most severe malaria cases. However, recent years have seen major leaps forward in the ability to genetically manipulate\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites and conditionally control protein expression\/function. The conditional knockdown systems used in\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    target all 3 components of the central dogma, allowing researchers to conditionally control gene expression, translation, and protein function. Here, we review some of the common knockdown systems that have been adapted or developed for use in\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Much of the work done using conditional knockdown approaches has been performed in asexual, blood-stage parasites, but we also highlight their uses in other parts of the life cycle and discuss new ways of applying these systems outside of the intraerythrocytic stages. With the use of these tools, the field\u2019s understanding of parasite biology is ever increasing, and promising new pathways for antimalarial drug development are being discovered.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T13:56:12Z","timestamp":1619099772000},"page":"e1009442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Some conditions apply: Systems for studying Plasmodium falciparum protein function"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Heather M.","family":"Kudyba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Cobb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9576-0058","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joel","family":"Vega-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6367-6284","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vasant","family":"Muralidharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1009442.ref001","article-title":"World malaria report 2020: 20 years of global progress and challenges","volume":"299","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009442.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3000136","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000136","article-title":"A mutagenesis screen for essential plastid biogenesis genes in human malaria parasites","volume":"17","author":"Y Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1009442.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276130597","article-title":"The Plasmodium bottleneck: malaria parasite losses in the mosquito vector","volume":"109","author":"RC Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009442.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.08.001","article-title":"Gene deletion from Plasmodium falciparum using FLP and Cre recombinases: Implications for applied site-specific recombination","volume":"41","author":"MT O\u2019Neill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1009442.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500112102","article-title":"Tetracycline analogue-regulated transgene expression in Plasmodium falciparum blood stages using Toxoplasma gondii transactivators","volume":"102","author":"M Meissner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1009442.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15121","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015121","article-title":"Removal of Heterologous Sequences from Plasmodium falciparum Mutants Using FLPe-Recombinase.","volume":"5","author":"BCL van Schaijk","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009442.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12206","article-title":"Robust inducible Cre recombinase activity in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum enables efficient gene deletion within a single asexual erythrocytic growth cycle: Conditional Cre in the human malaria parasite","volume":"88","author":"CR Collins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1009442.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4947","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.11.4947","article-title":"Identification of an 11-kDa FKBP12-rapamycin-binding domain within the 289-kDa FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein and characterization of a critical serine residue","volume":"92","author":"J Chen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5272","key":"ppat.1009442.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5272.239","article-title":"Structure of the FKBP12-Rapamycin Complex Interacting with Binding Domain of Human FRAP","volume":"273","author":"J Choi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1009442.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444998014747","article-title":"Refined structure of the FKBP12-rapamycin-FRB ternary complex at 2.2 A resolution","volume":"55","author":"J Liang","year":"1999","journal-title":"ActaCrystallogr D Bio Crystallogr"},{"issue":"21","key":"ppat.1009442.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gng131","article-title":"Regulation of Cre recombinase by ligand-induced complementation of inactive fragments","volume":"31","author":"N. 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