{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:05:32Z","timestamp":1788930332780,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016230","name":"Steven & Alexandra Cohen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institutes Allergy and Infectious Disease","award":["R21AI159800-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI159800-01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007263","name":"Virginia Tech","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007263","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fralin Life Sciences Institute"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VA-160113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VA-160113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"George Washington Carver Fellowship"},{"name":"George Washington Carver Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bacterial pathogen responsible for causing Lyme disease,<jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>, is an atypical Gram-negative spirochete that is transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected<jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic>tick. In diderms, peptidoglycan (PG) is sandwiched between the inner and outer membrane of the cell envelope. In many other Gram-negative bacteria, PG is bound by protein(s), which provide both structural integrity and continuity between envelope layers. Here, we present evidence of a peptidoglycan-associated protein (PAP) in<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>. Using an unbiased proteomics approach, we identified Neutrophil Attracting Protein A (NapA) as a PAP. Interestingly, NapA is a Dps homologue, which typically functions to bind and protect cellular DNA from damage during times of stress. While<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>NapA is known to be involved in the oxidative stress response, it lacks the critical residues necessary for DNA binding. Biochemical and cellular studies demonstrate that NapA is localized to the<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>periplasm and is indeed a PAP. Cryo-electron microscopy indicates that mutant bacteria, unable to produce NapA, have structural abnormalities. Defects in cell-wall integrity impact growth rate and cause the<jats:italic>napA<\/jats:italic>mutant to be more susceptible to osmotic and PG-specific stresses. NapA-linked PG is secreted in outer membrane vesicles and augments IL-17 production, relative to PG alone. Using microfluidics, we demonstrate that NapA acts as a molecular beacon\u2014exacerbating the pathogenic properties of<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>PG. These studies further our understanding of the<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>cell envelope, provide critical information that underlies its pathogenesis, and highlight how a highly conserved bacterial protein can evolve mechanistically, while maintaining biological function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T17:31:00Z","timestamp":1620927060000},"page":"e1009546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The peptidoglycan-associated protein NapA plays an important role in the envelope integrity and in the pathogenesis of the lyme disease spirochete"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Marisela M.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3861-9074","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Brock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8165-0376","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tanner G.","family":"DeHart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1297-6337","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brittany 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