{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:07:53Z","timestamp":1792084073768,"version":"4.4.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009675","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000}}],"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FKZ 01LL0914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 01LL0914"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ga 342\/19-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ga 342\/19-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Until recently, the study of major histocompability complex (MHC) mediated immunity has focused on the direct link between MHC diversity and susceptibility to parasite infection. However, MHC genes can also influence host health indirectly through the sculpting of the bacterial community that in turn shape immune responses. We investigated the links between MHC class I and II gene diversity gut microbiome diversity and micro- (adenovirus, AdV) and macro- (helminth) parasite infection probabilities in a wild population of non-human primates, mouse lemurs of Madagascar. This setup encompasses a plethora of underlying interactions between parasites, microbes and adaptive immunity in natural populations. Both MHC classes explained shifts in microbiome composition and the effect was driven by a few select microbial taxa. Among them were three taxa (\n                    <jats:italic>Odoribacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    and Prevotellaceae-UCG-001) which were in turn linked to AdV and helminth infection status, correlative evidence of the indirect effect of the MHC via the microbiome. Our study provides support for the coupled role of MHC diversity and microbial flora as contributing factors of parasite infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T13:44:21Z","timestamp":1636379061000},"page":"e1009675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Evidence of MHC class I and II influencing viral and helminth infection via the microbiome in a non-human primate"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4246-6004","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"B. Karina","family":"Montero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8314-8160","authenticated-orcid":true,"family":"Wasimuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Schwensow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7935-9539","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark A. F.","family":"Gillingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yedidya R.","family":"Ratovonamana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Jacques","family":"Rakotondranary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Corman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Drosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1395-9758","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J\u00f6rg U.","family":"Ganzhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5148-8136","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simone","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009675.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.09.033","article-title":"Induction of intestinal Th17 cells by segmented filamentous bacteria","volume":"139","author":"II Ivanov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"13","key":"ppat.1009675.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5354","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019378108","article-title":"Microbiota regulates immune defense against respiratory tract influenza A virus infection","volume":"108","author":"T Ichinohe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"5790","key":"ppat.1009675.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127119","article-title":"Symbiotic bacteria direct expression of an intestinal bactericidal lectin","volume":"313","author":"HL Cash","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009675.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.01.003","article-title":"The cytokine IL-22 promotes pathogen colonization by suppressing related commensal bacteria","volume":"40","author":"J Behnsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009675.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.21.1.297","article-title":"Gastrointestinal nematodes, nutrition and immunity: breaking the negative spiral","volume":"21","author":"KG Koski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Nutrition"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009675.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707221105","article-title":"Ecological rules governing helminth\u2013microparasite coinfection","volume":"105","author":"AL Graham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009675.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160062","article-title":"Absence of MHC class II on cDCs results in microbial-dependent intestinal inflammation","volume":"213","author":"J Loschko","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1009675.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.021","article-title":"Th17 and regulatory T Cells in mediating and restraining inflammation","volume":"140","author":"DR Littman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6012","key":"ppat.1009675.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1195568","article-title":"Has the microbiota played a critical role in the evolution of the adaptive immune system?","volume":"330","author":"YK Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009675.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2010.60","article-title":"Adaptive immunity in the host\u2013microbiota dialog","volume":"4","author":"T Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunology"},{"issue":"7610","key":"ppat.1009675.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18848","article-title":"The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease","volume":"535","author":"K Honda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"19","key":"ppat.1009675.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4831","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12846","article-title":"Major Histocompatibility Complex class IIb polymorphism influences gut microbiota composition and diversity","volume":"23","author":"DI Bolnick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009675.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9642","article-title":"MHC variation sculpts individualized microbial communities that control susceptibility to enteric infection","volume":"6","author":"JL Kubinak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009675.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.09.010","article-title":"Polymorphic immune mechanisms regulate commensal repertoire","volume":"29","author":"AA Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"ppat.1009675.ref015","volume-title":"Natural history of the major histocompatibility complex","author":"J Klein","year":"1986"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1009675.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4252","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.11.4252","article-title":"Evolving Views of the Major Histocompatibility Complex","volume":"90","author":"JR Gruen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1009675.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-004-0717-7","article-title":"Comparative genomics of major histocompatibility complexes","volume":"56","author":"J Kelley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009675.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007567","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007567","article-title":"Casting a wider net: Immunosurveillance by nonclassical MHC molecules","volume":"15","author":"MP D\u2019Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"key":"ppat.1009675.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-091212-153455","article-title":"Major histocompatibility complex genomics and human disease","volume":"14","author":"J Trowsdale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009675.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2020.01.008","article-title":"Advances in the Evolutionary Understanding of MHC Polymorphism","volume":"36","author":"J Radwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Genetics"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1009675.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3084","article-title":"Towards a systems understanding of MHC class I and MHC class II antigen presentation","volume":"11","author":"J Neefjes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Immunology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1009675.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.08.011","article-title":"MHC class II antigen presentation by the intestinal epithelium initiates graft-versus-host disease and is influenced by the microbiota","volume":"51","author":"M Koyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009675.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2009.06.006","article-title":"Relationship between the resistance to bile salts and low pH with exopolysaccharide (EPS) production of Bifidobacterium spp. isolated from infants feces and breast milk","volume":"16","author":"G Alp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"issue":"6015","key":"ppat.1009675.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198469","article-title":"Induction of colonic regulatory T cells by indigenous Clostridium species","volume":"331","author":"K Atarashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7741","key":"ppat.1009675.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0878-z","article-title":"A defined commensal consortium elicits CD8 T cells and anti-cancer immunity","volume":"565","author":"T Tanoue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009675.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI124332","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulate dendritic cell antigen presentation and radiotherapy-induced antitumor immune response","volume":"130","author":"M Uribe-Herranz","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009675.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.3.1373","article-title":"Human dendritic cells: potent antigen-presenting cells at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"175","author":"M Rossi","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009675.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.4.2780","article-title":"Mature human Langerhans cells derived from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors stimulate greater cytolytic T lymphocyte activity in the absence of bioactive IL-12p70, by either single peptide presentation or cross-priming, than do dermal-interstitial or monocyte-derived dendritic cells","volume":"173","author":"G Ratzinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009675.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000451","article-title":"Human adenovirus infections: update and consideration of mechanisms of viral persistence","volume":"31","author":"JR Radke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current opinion in infectious diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009675.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00052-07","article-title":"Adenoviruses in immunocompromised hosts","volume":"21","author":"M Echavarr\u00eda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1009675.ref031","article-title":"Cross-species transmission of a novel adenovirus associated with a fulminant pneumonia outbreak in a new world monkey colony","volume":"7","author":"EC Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"issue":"20","key":"ppat.1009675.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10774","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00810-11","article-title":"Novel adenoviruses in wild primates: a high level of genetic diversity and evidence of zoonotic transmissions","volume":"85","author":"D Wevers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1009675.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003000","article-title":"Therapeutic helminth infection of macaques with idiopathic chronic diarrhea alters the inflammatory signature and mucosal microbiota of the colon","volume":"8","author":"MJ Broadhurst","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"issue":"6196","key":"ppat.1009675.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1256942","article-title":"Virus-helminth coinfection reveals a microbiota-independent mechanism of immunomodulation","volume":"345","author":"LC Osborne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ppat.1009675.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49829-z","article-title":"Adenovirus infection is associated with altered gut microbial communities in a non-human primate","volume":"9","author":"Wasimuddin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009675.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-015-9817-5","article-title":"Diversity and prevalence of diarrhea-associated viruses in the lemur community and associated human population of Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar","volume":"36","author":"S Zohdy","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Primatology"},{"issue":"14","key":"ppat.1009675.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1021\/jm9700575","article-title":"New chemical descriptors relevant for the design of biologically active peptides. A multivariate characterization of 87 amino acids","volume":"41","author":"M Sandberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"ppat.1009675.ref038","volume-title":"Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach","author":"KP Burnham","year":"2002","edition":"2"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1009675.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12994","article-title":"Costs and drivers of helminth parasite infection in wild female baboons","volume":"88","author":"MY Akinyi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009675.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.22.120501.134539","article-title":"Nutritional Impact of Intestinal Helminthiasis During the Human Life Cycle","volume":"22","author":"DWT Crompton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annual Review of Nutrition"},{"issue":"7728","key":"ppat.1009675.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0617-x","article-title":"Temporal development of the gut microbiome in early childhood from the TEDDY study","volume":"562","author":"CJ Stewart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1009675.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05568.x","article-title":"Microbiome analysis among bats describes influences of host phylogeny, life history, physiology and geography","volume":"21","author":"CD Phillips","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009675.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.001","article-title":"Extensive unexplored human microbiome diversity revealed by over 150,000 genomes from metagenomes spanning age, geography, and lifestyle","volume":"176","author":"E Pasolli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1009675.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.01.001","article-title":"Generalists and specialists: a new view of how MHC class I molecules fight infectious pathogens","volume":"39","author":"J Kaufman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009675.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10656-5","article-title":"Establishing microbial composition measurement standards with reference frames","volume":"10","author":"JT Morton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009675.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07359-8","article-title":"Therapeutic faecal microbiota transplantation controls intestinal inflammation through IL10 secretion by immune cells","volume":"9","author":"C Burrello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1009675.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evu195","article-title":"Genomic evidence for the emergence and evolution of pathogenicity and niche preferences in the genus Campylobacter","volume":"6","author":"G Iraola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biology and Evolution"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009675.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1159\/000360010","article-title":"Expansion of Urease- and Uricase-Containing, Indole- and p-Cresol-Forming and Contraction of Short-Chain Fatty Acid-Producing Intestinal Microbiota in ESRD","volume":"39","author":"J Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Nephrology"},{"key":"ppat.1009675.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38874-3","article-title":"Faecal bacterial and short-chain fatty acids signature in hypercholesterolemia","volume":"9","author":"AB Granado-Serrano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1009675.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0548-6","article-title":"PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions","volume":"38","author":"GM Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnology"},{"issue":"D1","key":"ppat.1009675.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D445","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz862","article-title":"The MetaCyc database of metabolic pathways and enzymes\u2014a 2019 update","volume":"48","author":"R Caspi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1009675.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2012.04.009","article-title":"One ring to rule them all: trafficking of heme and heme synthesis intermediates in the metazoans","volume":"1823","author":"I Hamza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)\u2014Molecular Cell Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009675.ref053","article-title":"The nature of selection on the major histocompatibility complex","volume":"17","author":"V Apanius","year":"1997","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Immunology"},{"issue":"5984","key":"ppat.1009675.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1187703","article-title":"Exploitation of the intestinal microflora by the parasitic nematode Trichuris muris","volume":"328","author":"KS Hayes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1009675.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2880","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002880","article-title":"Helminth colonization is associated with increased diversity of the gut microbiota","volume":"8","author":"SC Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009675.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.32155","article-title":"Commensal-pathogen interactions in the intestinal tract","volume":"5","author":"LA Reynolds","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1009675.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02557.x","article-title":"MHC diversity and the association to nematode parasitism in the yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis)","volume":"14","author":"Y Meyer-Lucht","year":"2005","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009675.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800993","article-title":"Neutral versus adaptive genetic variation in parasite resistance: importance of major histocompatibility complex supertypes in a free-ranging primate","volume":"99","author":"N Schwensow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"issue":"1728","key":"ppat.1009675.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.0917","article-title":"Quantitative disease resistance: to better understand parasite-mediated selection on major histocompatibility complex","volume":"279","author":"H Westerdahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1009675.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14592","article-title":"Blood parasites shape extreme major histocompatibility complex diversity in a migratory passerine","volume":"27","author":"A Biedrzycka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"issue":"23","key":"ppat.1009675.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5115","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15276","article-title":"Lack of statistical power as a major limitation in understanding MHC-mediated immunocompetence in wild vertebrate populations","volume":"28","author":"A Gaigher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1009675.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1038\/nm893","article-title":"Advantage of rare HLA supertype in HIV disease progression","volume":"9","author":"E Trachtenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1009675.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.7.3363","article-title":"Several Common HLA-DR Types Share Largely Overlapping Peptide Binding Repertoires","volume":"160","author":"S Southwood","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1009675.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05060-0","article-title":"Role of HLA-DRB1*04 in the susceptibility and HLA-DRB1*08 in the protection for development of rheumatoid arthritis in a population of Southern Mexico: brief report","volume":"39","author":"J Sep\u00falveda-Delgado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Rheumatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009675.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6248","article-title":"Role of HLA-B27 in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"15","author":"B Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine Reports"},{"issue":"17","key":"ppat.1009675.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11260","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.162006499","article-title":"MHC heterozygosity confers a selective advantage against multiple-strain infections","volume":"99","author":"DJ Penn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1009675.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01492-17","article-title":"Dysbiosis and Its Discontents","volume":"8","author":"KB Hooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009675.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19940-1","article-title":"Deciphering functional redundancy in the human microbiome","volume":"11","author":"L Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009675.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000024","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000024","article-title":"Defining the role of the MHC in autoimmunity: a review and pooled analysis","volume":"4","author":"MMA Fernando","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS genetics"},{"issue":"6196","key":"ppat.1009675.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/336222a0","article-title":"Unresponsiveness to a foreign antigen can be caused by self-tolerance","volume":"336","author":"D Vidovi\u0107","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009675.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1292","article-title":"The many important facets of T-cell repertoire diversity","volume":"4","author":"J Nikolich-\u017dugich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Immunology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1009675.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324365","article-title":"Thymic selection does not limit the individual MHC diversity","volume":"33","author":"JAM Borghans","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"ppat.1009675.ref073","article-title":"Divergent allele advantage at human MHC genes: signatures of past and ongoing selection","author":"F Pierini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"issue":"1762","key":"ppat.1009675.ref074","article-title":"Divergent allele advantage at MHC-DRB through direct and maternal genotypic effects and its consequences for allele pool composition and mating","volume":"280","author":"TL Lenz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"ppat.1009675.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601089","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.601089","article-title":"From Chickens to Humans: The Importance of Peptide Repertoires for MHC Class I Alleles","volume":"11","author":"J Kaufman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009675.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS19960090","article-title":"The role of butyrate in human colonic epithelial cells: an energy source or inducer of differentiation and apoptosis?","volume":"55","author":"A Hague","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Nutrition Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009675.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.179","article-title":"Diet is a major factor governing the fecal butyrate-producing community structure across Mammalia, Aves and Reptilia","volume":"9","author":"M Vital","year":"2015","journal-title":"The ISME Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009675.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2019.03.001","article-title":"Inulin Can Alleviate Metabolism Disorders in ob\/ob Mice by Partially Restoring Leptin-related Pathways Mediated by Gut Microbiota","volume":"17","author":"X Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1009675.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6581","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00958-06","article-title":"Disruption of tight junctions and induction of proinflammatory cytokine responses in colonic epithelial cells by Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"74","author":"ML Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"ppat.1009675.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0299-7","article-title":"An expansion of rare lineage intestinal microbes characterizes rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"8","author":"J Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009675.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00054-05","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection","volume":"19","author":"JG Kusters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1009675.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30558","article-title":"Time for a gut check: evidence for the hypothesis that HLA-B27 predisposes to ankylosing spondylitis by altering the microbiome","volume":"63","author":"JT Rosenbaum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1009675.ref083","article-title":"HLA-B27 and human \u03b22-microglobulin affect the gut microbiota of transgenic rats","volume":"9","author":"P Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"36","key":"ppat.1009675.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9671","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1712280114","article-title":"Protective major histocompatibility complex allele prevents type 1 diabetes by shaping the intestinal microbiota early in ontogeny","volume":"114","author":"M Silverman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"7813","key":"ppat.1009675.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2277-x","article-title":"Complement genes contribute sex-biased vulnerability in diverse disorders","volume":"582","author":"N Kamitaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7480","key":"ppat.1009675.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","article-title":"Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells","volume":"504","author":"Y Furusawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6145","key":"ppat.1009675.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","article-title":"The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis","volume":"341","author":"PM Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009675.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.007","article-title":"Dietary fatty acids directly impact central nervous system autoimmunity via the small intestine","volume":"43","author":"A Haghikia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009675.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2015.01.004","article-title":"How bacterial pathogens colonize their hosts and invade deeper tissues","volume":"17","author":"D Ribet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbes and Infection"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1009675.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1718","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni: molecular biology and pathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"KT Young","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1009675.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01094-05","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni colonization of mice with limited enteric flora","volume":"74","author":"C Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1009675.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01212-14","article-title":"Susceptibility to Campylobacter infection is associated with the species composition of the human fecal microbiota","volume":"5","author":"J Dicksved","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1009675.ref093","article-title":"Adenoviruses in Lymphocytes of the Human Gastro-Intestinal Tract","volume":"6","author":"S Roy","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6449","key":"ppat.1009675.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/365797a0","article-title":"Immunological modulation and evasion by helminth parasites in human populations","volume":"365","author":"RM Maizels","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6285","key":"ppat.1009675.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf3229","article-title":"Helminth infection promotes colonization resistance via type 2 immunity","volume":"352","author":"D Ramanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009675.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.01.016","article-title":"Enteric helminth-induced type I interferon signaling protects against pulmonary virus infection through interaction with the microbiota","volume":"140","author":"AJ McFarlane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009675.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.4.2372-2377.2001","article-title":"Influence of Major Histocompatibility Complex on Bacterial Composition of Fecal Flora","volume":"69","author":"P Toivanen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1009675.ref098","first-page":"979","volume":"17","author":"DI Bolnick","journal-title":"Individuals\u2019 diet diversity influences gut microbial diversity in two freshwater fish (threespine stickleback and Eurasian perch)"},{"issue":"9","key":"ppat.1009675.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002272","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002272","article-title":"Bacterial Communities of Diverse Drosophila Species: Ecological Context of a Host\u2013Microbe Model System","volume":"7","author":"JA Chandler","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS Genetics"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1009675.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2736","article-title":"Effect of helminth-induced immunity on infections with microbial pathogens","volume":"14","author":"P Salgame","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009675.ref101","article-title":"Cross-Domain and Viral Interactions in the Microbiome","volume":"83","author":"AD Rowan-Nash","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009675.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0102-8","article-title":"Intestinal helminth infection promotes IL-5- and CD4+ T cell-dependent immunity in the lung against migrating parasites","volume":"12","author":"KJ Filbey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1009675.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.03.015","article-title":"Enteric viruses evoke broad host immune responses resembling those elicited by the bacterial microbiome","volume":"29","author":"S Dallari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host & Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009675.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1474322","article-title":"\u201cI will survive\u201d: A tale of bacteriophage-bacteria coevolution in the gut","volume":"10","author":"L De Sordi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1009675.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix141","article-title":"Enteric Helminths Promote Salmonella Coinfection by Altering the Intestinal Metabolome","volume":"215","author":"LA Reynolds","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009675.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009052","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009052","article-title":"Impaired host resistance to Salmonella during helminth co-infection is restored by anthelmintic treatment prior to bacterial challenge","volume":"15","author":"TP Brosschot","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"ppat.1009675.ref107","first-page":"16","article-title":"Impact of livestock grazing on forest structure, plant species composition and biomass in southwestern Madagascar","author":"RY Ratovonamana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scripta Botanica Belgica"},{"key":"ppat.1009675.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2015.05.007","article-title":"Dewfall and its ecological significance in semi-arid coastal south-western Madagascar","volume":"121","author":"S Hanisch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Arid Environments"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1009675.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-017-0003-9","article-title":"Vegetation thresholds for the occurrence and dispersal of Microcebus griseorufus in southwestern Madagascar","volume":"38","author":"KJE Steffens","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Primatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009675.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00255","article-title":"Seasonal variations in gastrointestinal parasites excreted by the gray mouse lemur Microcebus murinus in Madagascar","volume":"11","author":"BM Raharivololona","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endangered Species Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009675.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.04.008","article-title":"Time delays between patient and laboratory selectively affect accuracy of helminth diagnosis","volume":"101","author":"RJ Dacombe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009675.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.01.004","article-title":"Diagnostic dilemmas in helminthology: what tools to use and when?","volume":"25","author":"R Bergquist","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009675.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7346","DOI":"10.3402\/iee.v1i0.7346","article-title":"The impact of multiple infections on wild animal hosts: a review","volume":"1","author":"F Bordes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infection Ecology & Epidemiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1009675.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"E Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1009675.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"issue":"Database issue","key":"ppat.1009675.ref116","first-page":"D590","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"C Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009675.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61217","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217","article-title":"phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data","volume":"8","author":"PJ McMurdie","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009675.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1023\/B:COGE.0000031137.50239.d3","article-title":"MHC variability of a small lemur in the littoral forest fragments of southeastern Madagascar","volume":"5","author":"J Schad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Conservation Genetics"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1009675.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000688","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000688","article-title":"A novel system of polymorphic and diverse NK cell receptors in primates","volume":"5","author":"A Averdam","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLOS Genetics"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1009675.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-012-0649-6","article-title":"Large-scale MHC class II genotyping of a wild lemur population by next generation sequencing","volume":"64","author":"E Huchard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1009675.ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-002-2372-7","article-title":"Characterization and phylogenetic relationship of prosimian MHC class I genes","volume":"55","author":"P Fl\u00fcgge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Evolution"},{"issue":"n\/a","key":"ppat.1009675.ref122","article-title":"A novel workflow to improve genotyping of multigene families in wildlife species: An experimental set-up with a known model system","volume":"n\/a","author":"MAF Gillingham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology Resources"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009675.ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-010-0487-3","article-title":"Sequence analysis of the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) MHC class II DQ and DR region","volume":"63","author":"A Averdam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1009675.ref124","first-page":"555","article-title":"PAML: a program package for phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood","volume":"13","author":"Z Yang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Computer applications in the biosciences: CABIOS"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1009675.ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn129","article-title":"adegenet: a R package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers","volume":"24","author":"T Jombart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009675.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02918202","article-title":"Ancestral polymorphisms of MHC class II genes: Divergent allele advantage","volume":"9","author":"EK Wakeland","year":"1990","journal-title":"Immunologic Research"},{"issue":"4154","key":"ppat.1009675.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4154.862","article-title":"Amino Acid Difference Formula to Help Explain Protein Evolution","volume":"185","author":"R Grantham","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"ppat.1009675.ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23062","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23062","article-title":"An empirical estimate of the generation time of mouse lemurs","volume":"81","author":"U Radespiel","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Primatology"},{"key":"ppat.1009675.ref129","unstructured":"Barton K. MuMIn: multi-model inference. http:\/\/r-forger-projectorg\/projects\/mumin\/. 2009;."},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009675.ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2007.00027.x","article-title":"Effect size, confidence interval and statistical significance: a practical guide for biologists","volume":"82","author":"S Nakagawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biological Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1009675.ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2003.tb02228.x","article-title":"VEGAN, a package of R functions for community ecology","volume":"14","author":"P Dixon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Vegetation Science"},{"key":"ppat.1009675.ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/mehd.v26.27663","article-title":"Analysis of composition of microbiomes: a novel method for studying microbial composition","volume":"26","author":"S Mandal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009675.ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i4.459","article-title":"Bifidobacterium lactis attenuates onset of inflammation in a murine model of colitis","volume":"17","author":"D Philippe","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009675.ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-15-46","article-title":"Bifidobacterium breve and Lactobacillus rhamnosus treatment is as effective as budesonide at reducing inflammation in a murine model for chronic asthma","volume":"15","author":"S Sagar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respiratory Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1009675.ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.07.002","article-title":"Host\u2013microbe interactions that facilitate gut colonization by commensal bifidobacteria","volume":"20","author":"M Ventura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends in Microbiology"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009675","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009675","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T13:15:11Z","timestamp":1673702111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009675"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Brenchley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009675","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.06.01.446545","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]}}}