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Despite the gastrointestinal tract being the primary site of nutrient uptake and a common route for infection, studies have yet to examine how fasting alters the host\u2019s response to an enteric infection. To test this, mice were fasted before and during oral infection with the invasive bacterium <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Typhimurium. Fasting dramatically interrupted infection and subsequent gastroenteritis by suppressing <jats:italic>Salmonella\u2019s<\/jats:italic> SPI-1 virulence program, preventing invasion of the gut epithelium. Virulence suppression depended on the gut microbiota, as <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\u2019s invasion of the epithelium proceeded in fasting gnotobiotic mice. Despite <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\u2019s restored virulence within the intestines of gnotobiotic mice, fasting downregulated pro-inflammatory signaling, greatly reducing intestinal pathology. Our study highlights how food intake controls the complex relationship between host, pathogen and gut microbiota during an enteric infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T17:28:19Z","timestamp":1628184499000},"page":"e1009719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Fasting increases microbiome-based colonization resistance and reduces host inflammatory responses during an enteric bacterial infection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7492-4447","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Franziska A.","family":"Graef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9057-9041","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Larissa S.","family":"Celiberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2665-5617","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joannie M.","family":"Allaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4751-6579","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mimi T. 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