{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:38:27Z","timestamp":1789148307375,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009768","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000}}],"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N022661\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N022661\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"wellcome trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106898\/A\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106898\/A\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The intestinal nematode parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Trichuris muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    dwells in the caecum and proximal colon driving an acute resolving intestinal inflammation dominated by the presence of macrophages. Notably, these macrophages are characterised by their expression of RELM\u03b1 during the resolution phase of the infection. The RELM\u03b1+ macrophage phenotype associates with the presence of alternatively activated macrophages and work in other model systems has demonstrated that the balance of classically and alternatively activated macrophages is critically important in enabling the resolution of inflammation. Moreover, in the context of type 2 immunity, RELM\u03b1+ alternatively activated macrophages are associated with the activation of macrophages via the IL4R\u03b1. Despite a breadth of inflammatory pathologies associated with the large intestine, including those that accompany parasitic infection, it is not known how colonic macrophages are activated towards an alternatively activated phenotype. Here, we address this important knowledge gap by using\n                    <jats:italic>Trichuris muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, in combination with transgenic mice (IL4R\u03b1fl\/fl.CX3CR1Cre) and IL4R\u03b1-deficient\/wild-type mixed bone marrow chimaeras. We make the unexpected finding that education of colonic macrophages towards a RELM\u03b1+, alternatively activated macrophage phenotype during\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection does not require IL4R\u03b1 expression on macrophages. Further, this independence is maintained even when the mice are treated with an anti-IFN\u03b3 antibody during infection to create a strongly polarised Th2 environment. In contrast to RELM\u03b1, PD-L2 expression on macrophages post infection was dependent on IL4R\u03b1 signalling in the macrophages. These novel data sets are important, revealing a surprising cell-intrinsic IL4R alpha independence of the colonic RELM\u03b1+ alternatively activated macrophage during\n                    <jats:italic>Trichuris muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T14:26:51Z","timestamp":1627655211000},"page":"e1009768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Trichuris muris infection drives cell-intrinsic IL4R alpha independent colonic RELM\u03b1+ macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0374-6679","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruth","family":"Forman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7601-8296","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Larisa","family":"Logunova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8911-9048","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hannah","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0385-5920","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kelly","family":"Wemyss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Mair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Boon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3829-066X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Judith E.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1297-9725","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Werner","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8304-2905","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joanne L.","family":"Pennock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6660-055X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kathryn J.","family":"Else","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1009768.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102057","article-title":"Muc5ac: a critical component mediating the 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