{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T21:19:33Z","timestamp":1772227173284,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009786","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000}}],"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006537","name":"Campus France","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["collaborative programme \u201cPartenariat Hubert Curien franco-cubain Carlos J. Finlay\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["collaborative programme \u201cPartenariat Hubert Curien franco-cubain Carlos J. Finlay\u201d"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006537","name":"Campus France","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["collaborative programme \u201cPartenariat Hubert Curien franco-cubain Carlos J. Finlay\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["collaborative programme \u201cPartenariat Hubert Curien franco-cubain Carlos J. Finlay\u201d"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007492","name":"Fondation Bettencourt Schueller","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    CRF19 is a recombinant form of HIV-1 subtypes D, A1 and G, which was first sampled in Cuba in 1999, but was already present there in 1980\n                    <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>\n                    . CRF19 was reported almost uniquely in Cuba, where it accounts for \u223c25% of new HIV-positive patients and causes rapid progression to AIDS (\u223c3 years).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We analyzed a large data set comprising \u223c350\n                    <jats:italic>pol<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>env<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequences sampled in Cuba over the last 15 years and \u223c350 from Los Alamos database. This data set contained both CRF19 (\u223c315), and A1, D and G sequences. We performed and combined analyses for the three A1, G and D regions, using fast maximum likelihood approaches, including: (1) phylogeny reconstruction, (2) spatio-temporal analysis of the virus spread, and ancestral character reconstruction for (3) transmission mode and (4) drug resistance mutations (DRMs). We verified these results with a Bayesian approach. This allowed us to acquire new insights on the CRF19 origin and transmission patterns. We showed that CRF19 recombined between 1966 and 1977, most likely in Cuban community stationed in Congo region. We further investigated CRF19 spread on the Cuban province level, and discovered that the epidemic started in 1970\n                    <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>\n                    , most probably in Villa Clara, that it was at first carried by heterosexual transmissions, and then quickly spread in the 1980\n                    <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>\n                    within the \u201cmen having sex with men\u201d (MSM) community, with multiple transmissions back to heterosexuals. The analysis of the transmission patterns of common DRMs found very few resistance transmission clusters.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our results show a very early introduction of CRF19 in Cuba, which could explain its local epidemiological success. Ignited by a major founder event, the epidemic then followed a similar pattern as other subtypes and CRFs in Cuba. The reason for the short time to AIDS remains to be understood and requires specific surveillance, in Cuba and elsewhere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T14:58:37Z","timestamp":1628521117000},"page":"e1009786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cuban history of CRF19 recombinant subtype of HIV-1"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2200-7935","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna","family":"Zhukova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Voznica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3013-2958","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miraine","family":"D\u00e1vila Felipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thu-Hien","family":"To","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lissette","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8183-3685","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yenisleidys","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanet","family":"Pintos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Gascuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Kouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1009786.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foley BT, Korber BTM, Leitner TK, Apetrei C, Hahn B, Mizrachi I, et al. 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