{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T07:05:41Z","timestamp":1767855941101,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"medical research council, uk","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MR\/M019810\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M019810\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"wellcome trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["090315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["090315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interactions between pathogens, host microbiota and the immune system influence many physiological and pathological processes. In the 20<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> century, widespread dermal vaccination with vaccinia virus (VACV) led to the eradication of smallpox but how VACV interacts with the microbiota and whether this influences the efficacy of vaccination are largely unknown. Here we report that intradermal vaccination with VACV induces a large increase in the number of commensal bacteria in infected tissue, which enhance recruitment of inflammatory cells, promote tissue damage and influence the host response. Treatment of vaccinated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice with antibiotic, or infection of genetically-matched germ-free (GF) animals caused smaller lesions without alteration in virus titre. Tissue damage correlated with enhanced neutrophil and T cell infiltration and levels of pro-inflammatory tissue cytokines and chemokines. One month after vaccination, GF and both groups of SPF mice had equal numbers of VACV-specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells and were protected from disease induced by VACV challenge, despite lower levels of VACV-neutralising antibodies observed in GF animals. Thus, skin microbiota may provide an adjuvant-like stimulus during vaccination with VACV and influence the host response to vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T17:24:45Z","timestamp":1650561885000},"page":"e1009854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Smallpox vaccination induces a substantial increase in commensal skin bacteria that promote pathology and influence the host response"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7654-2960","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Evgeniya V.","family":"Shmeleva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7132-290X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Gomez de Ag\u00fcero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1204-7765","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Josef","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6090-3100","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anton J.","family":"Enright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Macpherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6873-1032","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brian J.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3730-9955","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Geoffrey L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1009854.ref001","unstructured":"Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Jezek Z, Ladnyi ID. Smallpox and its eradication. Geneva1988."},{"issue":"22","key":"ppat.1009854.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196911272812201","article-title":"Complications of smallpox vaccination, 1968. National surveillance in the United States","volume":"281","author":"JM Lane","year":"1969","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009854.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00975.x","article-title":"Smallpox vaccines: targets of protective immunity","volume":"239","author":"B. Moss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"ppat.1009854.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.055921-0","article-title":"Vaccinia virus immune evasion: mechanisms, virulence and immunogenicity","volume":"94","author":"GL Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009854.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v10030101","article-title":"Modulating vaccinia virus immunomodulators to improve immunological memory","volume":"10","author":"JD Albarnaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ppat.1009854.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01041","article-title":"Secondary bacterial infections associated with influenza pandemics","volume":"8","author":"DE Morris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009854.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08437.x","article-title":"Skin microbiota: a source of disease or defence?","volume":"158","author":"AL Cogen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"7689","key":"ppat.1009854.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25177","article-title":"Skin microbiota-host interactions","volume":"553","author":"YE Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009854.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1647\/2014-035","article-title":"What is your diagnosis?","volume":"29","author":"C Jerry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1009854.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1086\/506937","article-title":"A case of facial cellulitis and necrotizing lymphadenitis due to cowpox virus infection","volume":"43","author":"R Pahlitzsch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1009854.ref011","first-page":"4359","article-title":"Pathogenesis of fulminant monkeypox with bacterial sepsis after experimental infection with West African monkeypox virus in a cynomolgus monkey","volume":"7","author":"N Nagata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"ppat.1009854.ref012","volume-title":"Smallpox","author":"CW Dixon","year":"1962"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009854.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3123","article-title":"Control of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system","volume":"16","author":"A Iwasaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1009854.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1602000","article-title":"Innate control of adaptive immunity: beyond the three-signal paradigm","volume":"198","author":"A Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"ppat.1009854.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1210","article-title":"Targeting the innate immune response with improved vaccine adjuvants","volume":"11","author":"A Pashine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"43","key":"ppat.1009854.ref016","first-page":"E6639","article-title":"Sustained antigen availability during germinal center initiation enhances antibody responses to vaccination","volume":"113","author":"HH Tam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009854.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.10.002","article-title":"Vaccine adjuvants: putting innate immunity to work","volume":"33","author":"RL Coffman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ppat.1009854.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-10-2751","article-title":"A model for vaccinia virus pathogenesis and immunity based on intradermal injection of mouse ear pinnae","volume":"80","author":"DC Tscharke","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ppat.1009854.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19285-0","article-title":"A kinetic analysis of immune mediators in the lungs of mice infected with vaccinia virus and comparison with intradermal infection","volume":"84","author":"PC Reading","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1009854.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2019.04.013","article-title":"The neutrophil life cycle","volume":"40","author":"A Hidalgo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"40","key":"ppat.1009854.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.08.002","article-title":"Increased attenuation but decreased immunogenicity by deletion of multiple vaccinia virus immunomodulators","volume":"34","author":"RP Sumner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ppat.1009854.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-8-1977","article-title":"Dermal infection with vaccinia virus reveals roles for virus proteins not seen using other inoculation routes","volume":"83","author":"DC Tscharke","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009854.ref023","first-page":"96","article-title":"Practical murine hematopathology: a comparative review and implications for research","volume":"65","author":"KE O\u2019Connell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"issue":"6098","key":"ppat.1009854.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225152","article-title":"Compartmentalized control of skin immunity by resident commensals","volume":"337","author":"S Naik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009854.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.06.006","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis induces a transmissible dysbiotic skin microbiota that promotes skin inflammation","volume":"22","author":"C Gimblet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ppat.1009854.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01534","article-title":"Mouse microbiota models: comparing germ-free mice and antibiotics treatment as tools for modifying gut bacteria","volume":"9","author":"EA Kennedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1009854.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317503","article-title":"Role of the microbiome in human development","volume":"68","author":"MG Dominguez-Bello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009854.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3233\/NHA-170030","article-title":"Gut microbiome and aging: physiological and mechanistic insights","volume":"4","author":"R Nagpal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr Healthy Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009854.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Y Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ppat.1009854.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01551","article-title":"The commensal microbiota and viral infection: a comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"N Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009854.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12097","article-title":"Dual role of commensal bacteria in viral infections","volume":"255","author":"J Wilks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009854.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029363","article-title":"Do the microbiota influence vaccines and protective immunity to pathogens? issues of sovereignty, federalism, and points-testing in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic spaces of the host-microbial superorganism","volume":"10","author":"AJ Macpherson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ppat.1009854.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3228","article-title":"Epithelial antimicrobial defence of the skin and intestine","volume":"12","author":"RL Gallo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"6212","key":"ppat.1009854.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260144","article-title":"Dialogue between skin microbiota and immunity","volume":"346","author":"Y Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1009854.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5583","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.11.5583","article-title":"Wound healing and expression of antimicrobial peptides\/polypeptides in human keratinocytes, a consequence of common growth factors","volume":"170","author":"OE Sorensen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1009854.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.384","article-title":"Sebum free fatty acids enhance the innate immune defense of human sebocytes by upregulating beta-defensin-2 expression","volume":"130","author":"T Nakatsuji","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009854.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.01.004","article-title":"Anatomically restricted synergistic antiviral activities of innate and adaptive immune cells in the skin","volume":"13","author":"HD Hickman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1009854.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.2.10.1028-1037.1968","article-title":"Inhibition of HeLa cell protein synthesis by the vaccinia virion","volume":"2","author":"B. Moss","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1009854.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-51-10-808","article-title":"Secondary bacterial infections complicating skin lesions","volume":"51","author":"I. Brook","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ppat.1009854.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5604-6","article-title":"Rapid cell division of Staphylococcus aureus during colonization of the human nose","volume":"20","author":"AK Szafranska","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1009854.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007112","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007112","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infection dynamics","volume":"14","author":"EJG Pollitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009854.ref042","article-title":"Microbiota is an essential element for mice to initiate a protective immunity against vaccinia virus","volume":"92","author":"MT Lima","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"ppat.1009854.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-39-3-391","article-title":"Studies on the mechanisms of vaccina virus cytopathic effects. I. Inhibition of protein synthesis in infected cells is associated with virus-induced RNA synthesis","volume":"39","author":"R Bablanian","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009854.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.2.1235-1243.1998","article-title":"Virus-induced cell motility","volume":"72","author":"CM Sanderson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ppat.1009854.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05251.x","article-title":"Steroid hormone synthesis by a vaccinia enzyme: a new type of virus virulence factor","volume":"11","author":"JB Moore","year":"1992","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1009854.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20022201","article-title":"Steroid hormone synthesis by vaccinia virus suppresses the inflammatory response to infection","volume":"197","author":"PC Reading","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1009854.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.25","article-title":"Multi-receptor detection of individual bacterial products by the innate immune system","volume":"17","author":"KJ Kieser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"918","key":"ppat.1009854.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.78.918.216","article-title":"Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity","volume":"78","author":"JW Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"ppat.1009854.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2422","article-title":"The price of immunity","volume":"13","author":"RS Goldszmid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1009854.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.009","article-title":"Complex Immune Dysregulation in COVID-19 Patients with Severe Respiratory Failure","volume":"27","author":"EJ Giamarellos-Bourboulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"10223","key":"ppat.1009854.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"China. Lancet"},{"issue":"7821","key":"ppat.1009854.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2588-y","article-title":"Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19","volume":"584","author":"C Lucas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1009854.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.017","article-title":"Heightened Innate Immune Responses in the Respiratory Tract of COVID-19 Patients","volume":"27","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"6513","key":"ppat.1009854.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba9301","article-title":"Neutrophilic inflammation in the respiratory mucosa predisposes to RSV infection","volume":"370","author":"MS Habibi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"13","key":"ppat.1009854.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5354","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019378108","article-title":"Microbiota regulates immune defense against respiratory tract influenza A virus infection","volume":"108","author":"T Ichinohe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1009854.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27662","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027662","article-title":"The intestinal flora is required to support antibody responses to systemic immunization in infant and germ free mice","volume":"6","author":"ES Lamouse-Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ppat.1009854.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01305","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in the modulation of vaccine immune responses","volume":"10","author":"A Ciabattini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1009854.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.06.014","article-title":"The impact of the microbiome on immunity to vaccination in humans","volume":"28","author":"SE de Jong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ppat.1009854.ref059","article-title":"Modulation of immune responses to vaccination by the microbiota: implications and potential mechanisms","author":"DJ Lynn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1009854.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.08.009","article-title":"TLR5-mediated sensing of gut microbiota is necessary for antibody responses to seasonal influenza vaccination","volume":"41","author":"JZ Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ppat.1009854.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00265","article-title":"Gastrointestinal microbiome dysbiosis in infant mice alters peripheral CD8(+) T cell receptor signaling","volume":"8","author":"G Gonzalez-Perez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ppat.1009854.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01780","article-title":"Enhanced efficacy of vaccination with vaccinia virus in old vs. young mice","volume":"10","author":"EV Shmeleva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1009854.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005752","article-title":"mixOmics: an R package for \u2019omics feature selection and multiple data integration","volume":"13","author":"F Rohart","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"}],"container-title":["PLOS Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009854","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T17:25:40Z","timestamp":1650561940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009854"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Gerd","family":"Sutter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009854","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]}}}