{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:31:14Z","timestamp":1790753474597,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009886","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000}}],"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["42072018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42072018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Major project of Humanities and Social Sciences Key Research Base of the Ministry of Education","award":["16JJD780005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16JJD780005"]}]},{"name":"Science and technology development project of Jilin Province","award":["20190701077GH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20190701077GH"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["646612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["646612"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic>) has infected humans for a long time, but its evolutionary history and geographic spread across Eurasia is still poorly understood. Here, we screened for pathogen DNA in 14 ancient individuals from the Bronze Age Quanergou cemetery (XBQ), Xinjiang, China. In 6 individuals we detected <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic>. We reconstructed <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic> genomes from those individuals, which form a previously undetected phylogenetic branch basal to Paratyphi C, Typhisuis and Choleraesuis\u2013the so-called Para C lineage. Based on pseudogene frequency, our analysis suggests that the ancient <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic> strains were not host adapted. One genome, however, harbors the <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> pathogenicity island 7 (SPI-7), which is thought to be involved in (para)typhoid disease in humans. This offers first evidence that SPI-7 was acquired prior to the emergence of human-adapted Paratyphi C around 1,000 years ago. Altogether, our results show that <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> infected humans in Eastern Eurasia at least 3,000 years ago, and provide the first ancient DNA evidence for the spread of a pathogen along the Proto-Silk Road.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T18:39:30Z","timestamp":1632249570000},"page":"e1009886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A 3,000-year-old, basal S. enterica lineage from Bronze Age Xinjiang suggests spread along the Proto-Silk Road"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3061-9325","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8848-3961","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chao","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2812-6636","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Felix M.","family":"Key","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1737-2228","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aida","family":"Andrades Valtue\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditya 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